Communication%20and%20ATC

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Communication and ATC

• Breaker, Breaker One Nine, we have a problem

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Roadmap

• VHF Communication Equipment
• Radio Operations at uncontrolled fields
• Radio Operations at controlled fields
• Lost Communications Procedures

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VHF Communication Equipment

• VHF Range
• 118 135.975 MHz
• Limited to line of Sight
• Buildings, terrain, or curvature of the earth
  block radio waves
• Antennas
• Military - UHF

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Using the Radio

• Professional Phraseology (AIM Pilot Controller
  Glossary)
• No Slang, CB Jargon, ETC.
• Brief transmissions
• State who, where, and what
• English recommended by ICAO (International Civil
  Aviation Organization)
• If not official language state must make it
  available
• Phonetic Alphabet

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Using the Radio (contd)

• Numbers
• Niner
• Decimal point (135.4)
• N Numbers
• Combination of five letters and numbers
• All registered U.S. aircraft begin with N

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Numbers on Radio
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Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)

• 24 Hour clock system
• International standard time (Zulu Time)
• Places entire world on one standard time zone
• Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)
• If it is 1300 local in South Bend, what time is
  it in Greenwich?

Time Conversion Table Time Conversion Table
To Convert From To UTC (Zulu)
Eastern Standard Time Add 5 Hours
Central Standard Time Add 6 Hours
Mountain Standard Time Add 7 Hours
Pacific Standard Time Add 8 Hours

NOTE For daylight time, subtract 1 hour from the conversion time before converting to UTC (Zulu). NOTE For daylight time, subtract 1 hour from the conversion time before converting to UTC (Zulu).

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Radio Procedures at Uncontrolled Fields

• CTAF (Common Traffic Advisory Frequency)
• Receive Airport Advisories
• Activate Pilot Control Lighting
• Found in AF/D (Airport Facilities Directory)
• Self Announced Broadcasting of Intentions
• Not required, but good practice

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UNICOM

• Privately Owned not official
• CTAF will be designated Unicom
• Request
• Airport Advisory
• Winds / Active Runway
• Known Traffic
• Services (ex. Fueling, Cab, Pizza)

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Airport Advisory Area

• FSS (Flight Service Station) on the Field
• Extends 10 sm
• FSS contacted on CTAF (123.6)
• Wind direction
• Favored runway
• Traffic pattern information

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Self Announcing Procedures

• Announce on CTAF/UNICOM
• Use MULTICOM (122.9 MHz) only if there is no
  tower, FSS, or CTAF/UNICOM
• MULTICOM provides air-to-air communications for
  pilots to self announce position and intentions

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CTAF Procedures

• Initial call made 10 miles from airport
• Use airports name at the beginning and end of
  transmission
• Report entering traffic pattern
• Report departing the traffic pattern
• Communicate on CTAF taxi and departure intentions
• Use CTAF when maneuvering (in traffic pattern)
• Enroute / Overflight

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Radio Procedure at Controlled Fields

• Airspace?
• ATC Facilities
• (1) - Clearance Delivery
• 2 - Ground Control
• 3 - Control Tower
• (4) - Departure / Approach Control

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Departure Procedures

• Controlled Airports
• Receive clearance to taxi, takeoff, and
  subsequently leave airspace
• At large airports with heavy traffic departure
  procedures can be complex
• ATIS (automated terminal information service)

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Clearance Delivery

• Air Traffic Control Clearance
• Authorization by ATC for you to proceed under
  specific traffic condition within controlled
  airspace
• Prevent collisions
• Must read back all clearances
• Used for VFR flights in Class B and Class C.
• Always for IFR flights

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Ground Control

• ATC function
• Directing movement of aircraft and other vehicles
  on the airport surface
• Must have clearance to operate on surface
• Progressive Taxi
• At unfamiliar airports the controller will, upon
  request, provide you with detailed taxi
  instructions to where you want to go
• May be in stages

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Control Tower

• Takeoff/Landing Clearance
• Taxi into position and hold
• Hold Short
• Specific heading and turns after takeoff

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Departure Control

• Provide radar coverage and sequencing of aircraft
  
• Radar Contact
• Aircraft identified by ATC and flight following
  will be provided
• Flight Following
• Controller observing your progress while you
  provide your own navigation

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Approach Control

• ATC function which provides sequencing and
  separation services for inbound aircraft
• Frequencies are published on sectionals and
  broadcasted over ATIS
• Multiple freqs for large airports

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Lost Comms Procedures

• Can lose communications and still land at an
  airport with operating control tower
• Procedures
• Squawk 7600 (transponder code)
• Determine flow of traffic
• Join the traffic pattern and maintain visual
  contact with control tower to receive light gun
  signals
• Acknowledge tower transmission by rocking wings
  (daytime) or blinking your landing light (night)

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Light Gun Signals
Color Type Ground Air
Steady Cleared for Takeoff Cleared to Land
Flashing Cleared to Taxi Return for Landing
Steady Stop Give way continue to circle
Flashing Clear Area of Landing Airport Unsafe, Do Not Land
Flashing Return to Start N/A
Alternating Exercise Extreme Caution Exercise Extreme Caution
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Sequence of Events
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Uncontrolled Field

• Departing
• ASOS
• Announce
• Taxi (for takeoff)
• Departing
• Takeoff
• Traffic Pattern
• Clear of Airport

• Arriving
• ASOS
• Announce
• 10NM out
• Intentions
• 5NM out
• Entrance to pattern
• Traffic Pattern
• Entering
• Turning Legs
• Exiting Runway
• Taxiing to parking

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Class B C

• Departing
• ATIS
• Clearance Delivery
• Ground
• Tower
• Departure

• Arriving
• ATIS
• Approach
• Tower
• Ground

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Class D E

• Departing
• ATIS
• Ground
• Tower

• Arriving
• ATIS
• Tower
• Ground

Towered Class E is extremely rare, but does
exist
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Example
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ATIS

• South Bend airport information Kilo, 2153 zulu
  weather. Winds 240 _at_ 12. Visibility 7. Sky
  conditions, overcast 2,700. Temperature 12,
  dewpoint 9. Altimeter 29.87. Landing and
  departing runways 27L and 27R. Notice to airman,
  there is a 100 foot crane located 2NM off the
  departure end of 27R. Taxiway Lima is closed for
  construction. Advise on initial contact you have
  information Kilo.

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Clearance Delivery

• N22ND South Bend Clearance, N22ND.
• Clearance N22ND, South Bend Clearance.
• N22ND Clearance, 2ND would like to depart VFR to
  the east heading 090, 3,500, information Kilo.
• Clearance N2ND, squawk 4316, departure frequency
  118.55, maintain VFR at or below 2,500 until
  advised.
• N22ND Squawk 4316, departure frequency 118.55,
  maintain VFR at or below 2,500 until advised,
  2ND.
• Clearance N2ND, read back correct.

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Ground Control

• N22ND Ground, N22ND is at Corporate Wings, ready
  for VFR taxi.
• Ground N2ND, taxi to runway 27R.
• N22ND Taxi to 27R, 2ND.

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Tower Control

• N22ND Tower, 2ND is ready for takeoff at 27R.
• Tower N2ND, taxi into position and hold runway
  27R.
• N22ND 27R, taxi into position and hold, 2ND.
• Tower N2ND, after departure turn right heading
  070, maintain 2,500. Runway 27R, cleared for
  takeoff.
• N22ND Turn right heading 070, 2,500, cleared for
  takeoff 27R, 2ND.
• Tower N2ND, contact departure, have a nice
  flight.
• N22ND Switching to departure, 2ND.

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Departure Control

• N22ND South Bend Departure, N22ND, passing 1,200
  for 2,500.
• Departure N22ND, climb and maintain 3,500, fly
  heading 080.
• N22ND Climb and maintain 3,500, heading 080,
  2ND.
• Departure N2ND, traffic 300, 5 miles,
  northbound 3,000 feet.
• N22ND Traffic in sight, 2ND.
• Departure N2ND, proceed on course.
• N22ND Proceed on course, 2ND.

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Any Questions?