OMIs Science team activities

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First OMI Measurements of Volcanic and
Anthropogenic SO2
S.A. Carn1, N.A. Krotkov2, A.J. Krueger1, K.
Yang3 1. Joint Center for Earth Systems
Technology (NASA/UMBC), UMBC, Baltimore, MD
scarn_at_umbc.edu 2. Goddard Earth Sciences and
Technology (GEST) Center, UMBC, Baltimore, MD 3.
SSAI, Greenbelt, MD With thanks to all the OMI
Science and Support Teams
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Overview

• Maximum Likelihood SO2 PGE (OMSO2) code still in
  development
• Band Residual Difference (BRD) algorithm
  developed
• Volcanic SO2 data examples
• Anthropogenic SO2 examples

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Band Residual Difference (BRD) algorithm
(off-line)

• Uses OMTO3 residuals at 4 wavelengths sensitive
  to SO2
• SO2 Index Pair 1 res311.9 - res310.8 (min - max
  lt0 where SO2 present)
• SO2 Index Pair 2 res313.2 - res311.9 (max - min
  gt0 where SO2 present)
• SO2 Index Pair 3 res314.4 - res313.2 (min - max
  lt0 where SO2 present)

?pj, ?pj total column SO2 and differential SO2
absorption coefficient for pair j ?pj
differential O3 absorption coefficient for pair
j ?o solar zenith angle ? satellite zenith
angle k 100/ln10 (scaling factor) respj
OMTO3 residual difference for pair j gpj
estimated AMF mg geometric path H? SO2 cloud
height Npj N(?j1) - N(?j2)
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Global Sulfur Sources
Bluth et al., 1993 Pyle et al., 1996 Graf et
al., 1997 Andres Kasgnoc, 1998
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Global Anthropogenic SO2 Emissions in 1985
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Copper smelting

• At least 1 ton of SO2 released per ton of Cu
  produced.
• 50 of smelters capture lt84 of SO2 10 capture
  none at all.
• Most of the latter are in Australasia, South
  America, Africa and China.

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Global Volcanic SO2 Emissions in 1997
Volcanoes 15 of S emissions but 36 of global
sulfate aerosol burden
Andres Kasgnoc, 1998
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Manam eruption - Jan 28-31, 2005 - OMI SO2
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Manam eruption - Jan 28, 2005 - Aqua/AIRS
Courtesy F. Prata, CSIRO, Australia
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Manam eruption - Jan 28, 2005 - Aqua/AIRS
Courtesy F. Prata, CSIRO, Australia
Aqua/AIRS 0.235Tg at 0353UT Aura/OMI 0.222Tg at
0411UT
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SW Pacific volcanic SO2 emissions
Nov 2004 Ambrym 7400 td-1 Bagana
170 td-1 New Britain 100 td-1
Dec 2004 Ambrym 17000 td-1 Bagana
250 td-1 New Britain 340 td-1
Jan 2005 Ambrym 12000 td-1 Bagana
430 td-1 New Britain 700 td-1
McGonigle et al., GRL 2004 Bagana
2000 td-1 Ulawun 640 td-1 Tavurvur
100 td-1 Pago 100 td-1
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February 2005 Poor air quality in S. Mariana
Islands
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Anatahan volcanic plume movie
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Anatahan volcanic plume covers Guam
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Colombia, Ecuador and Peru - a-priori SO2
emissions
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Colombia, Ecuador and Peru - OMI SO2 measurements
Oct 2004 GT 2200 td-1 Or 2600 td-1 Ilo
3500 td-1
Sep 2004 GT 1150 td-1 Or 2150 td-1 Ilo
4100 td-1
Nov 2004 GT 4550 td-1 Or 750 td-1 Ilo
3600 td-1
Dec 2004 GT 10850 td-1 Or 750 td-1 Ilo
3500 td-1
Jan 2005 GT 5300 td-1 Or 500 td-1 Ilo
1250 td-1
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Hawaii (Kilauea volcano) - Jan 2005
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E. China - Dec 2004

• Box contains 50,000 tons of SO2
• 65,000 tons/day emitted in 1995 Streets
  Waldhof, 2000

70 of Chinas energy is derived from coal burning
Chinas SO2 emissions set to increase from 12 Tg
(1995) to 31 Tg (2020)
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Summary of initial OMI SO2 analysis

• Explosive eruption clouds detected.
• Passive volcanic degassing measured.
• Preliminary validation suggests BRD algorithm
  produces realistic results.
• Anthropogenic SO2 emissions measured over China,
  Peru, USA (Ohio Valley), Europe, Central America,
  Uzbekistan.
• Sources generally in agreement with 1985 GEIA
  database.
• Anthropogenic emissions in Central South
  America and China appear similar to 1985-1995,
  with possible recent improvements.
• Need to distinguish volcanic from anthropogenic
  SO2 where mixing occurs, and account for the
  effects of clouds on emission measurements.

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Next steps

• BRD algorithm to be implemented as PGE
• Reflectivity corrections and error budget
• Validation of UTLS SO2 using Aqua/AIRS IR
  retrievals and MLS data
• Comparisons with TES SO2 retrievals?
• Validation of passive volcanic degassing using
  ground-based DOAS
• Volcanic plumes known to contain BrO, OH at
  ppb-ppm levels Bobrowski et al., Nature, 2003
  Gerlach, 2004 - implicated in destruction of
  ozone in troposphere and stratosphere

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Applications of OMI SO2 data

• Global SO2 (and other gas) budgets and sources
• Volcano monitoring
• Air quality forecasts (combined with models)
• Trajectory model validation
• Aircraft hazard mitigation (eruption alarm)
• Near real-time system (pending) will produce OMI
  SO2 data 100 minutes or less after overpass for
  aviation hazard mitigation

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Importance of SO2 measurements

• Volcanological
• Easiest to measure of main volcanic gases (H2O,
  CO2, SO2)
• Distinguishes magmatic from phreatic/hydrothermal
  activity
• X/SO2 ratios used to derive fluxes of other
  species
• Track drifting volcanic clouds - mitigate
  aviation hazards
• Environmental
• Causes acid rain - damage to plants and crops
• Contributes to poor air quality - affects humans
  and plants
• Precursor of sulfate aerosol which can impact
  climate
• Acidification of dust storms and dissolution of
  iron for phytoplankton uptake Meskhidze et al.,
  JGR, 2005