Introduction to Development Studies 2ECTS, 1ov

1
Introduction to Development Studies 2ECTS, 1ov

• Jaro Julkunen
• Mondays Lecture Hall XV at 10-12
• Thursdays Lecture Hall XV at 12-14, except 13.10.
  Lecture Hall XVI at 10-12 and 17.11. Lecture Hall
  XV at 16-18

2
Development Studies

• research interest of post-WWII world
• comparative focus on international development of
  human societies
• primary normative object on social, political and
  economic issues
• examples of central objectives poverty,
  inequality, social change, education,
  globalisation, capital flows, resources,
  governance, environment, participation, health,
  gender
• in Finland
• University of Turku minor studies
• University of Helsinki PhD

3
Course Description

• Basic information is provided on the situation
  of the developing countries in an international
  context, from the perspectives of social and
  political development. Central theories and
  explanatory models referring to the international
  development problem are also presented.
• No prerequisite studies are presumed.

4
Course Schedule

• 10.10. Introduction The Question of Development
• 13.10. Making of the Present World of Development
  I
• 17.10. Making of the Present World of Development
  II
• 20.10. Liberalistic Developmentalism I CHM
• 24.10. Liberalistic Developmentalism II SM
• 27.10. Social Democratic Developmentalism
• 31.10. Dependencia and Marxism
• 3.11. World System Theories
• 7.11. Alternative Development
• 10.11. Anti-Development
• 14.11. New World Structures (Civilizations)
• 17.11. Conclusion

5
Conceptual Surroundings of Development

• Synonym/hyponym for change
• - usually considered as a positive change,
  beneficial alteration, achievement of a better
  (material) life
• - (but also illness can develop)
• Development derives from the word of uncovering
  or unfolding (old French des-envolupper)
• Kehitys/utveckling/entwicklung/evolution derive
  from the image of the opening circle

6
Other parallel concepts

• progress, advancement, growth
• Progress derives from the idea of moving on,
  advancing (Lat. pro gredi, c.f. advancement)
• Progress has a connotation of structural changes
  which are based on superindividual factors
• Development is more consciously accomplished
  change
• Metaphor of organic growth is a prototype of
  cyclic development (linear development omits the
  decline)

7
Counterconcepts

• Opposite of change
• unchangeability, undevelopment and stagnation
• Change, but opposite direction
• decay, degeneration, atrophy, decline,
  regression, retrogradiation and recession
• Insufficient degree of change
• underdevelopment
• Diachronic distance from the significant center
• primitiveness
• Synchronic distance from the significant center
• backwardness

8
Structure of the Concept

• a) Cause
• - progress transhistorical, consciously exogene
  (unintentional), 'natural'
• - development human, consciously endogene
  (intentional), 'cultural'
• b) Process
• - directionality linear/cyclic,
  progression/regression
• - cumulativity knowledge of previous
  generations as a basis of development/ alienation
  as a basis of decline
• - irreversebility
• c) Aim
• - certain social system (homogenisation/pluralisa
  tion)
• - growth of virtues (happiness, freedom,
  equality, responsibility)
• - perfection

9
Basis on Comparison
10
Dimensions of Development Theories

• 1. historical context
• 2. causal relationships, rules and methods
  constituting knowledge
• 3. indicators and symbols of development
• 4. political agenda-setting

11
1. Historical Context

• Development
• makes sense only in the realisation of history
• is not, however, reduced to history
• is more abstract and theoretical than history
  (past, history, development)
• is manifested in histories (plural)
• is considered as a reaction to problems

12
Historical context Narratives of Development
13
2. Epistemology of Development

• Construction of a general theory/ Study of a
  particular case
• Understanding the integration of facts and values
• Methodological realism/ relativism
• Moral realism/ relativism

14
3. Components and Indicators (examples)

• Health
• Economic resources
• Education
• Social integration
• Housing
• Security
• Recreation
• Political resources

• - physical abilites, illnesses,doctor
• income, wealth, property
• years of education
• attachments and contacts
• space, nr of persons/room
• exposure of violence/theft
• leisure pursuits, theatres
• voting, memberships

15
Political Agenda-Setting

• different definitions and focuses highlight
  different evaluations, which
• privilege particular political interests or
  cultural preferences and
• set particular policy implications and future
  projects

16
Making of the Present World of Development

• Development thinking is a general phenomenon, but
  developmentalism was formed in certain conditions
• Distinctively Western
• Western roots?
• Narratives of decline
• Making of the division traditional/modern
• Renaissance, Reformation, Explorations

17
Development and Modernity

• development theories arise to explain the
  changing Western societies
• 'unchanging' non-Western societies were used as a
  comparative resources in explaining modernity
• ideas
• 1) development is inherent in society
• - from the dichotomy order/change to
  order-in-change
• 2) development is dimensional
• 3) development appears as growth and often
  proceeds as necessary stages

18
Developmentalism

• Premises for Western developmental thought
• - technology
• - socio-economic changes
• - religious disruptions
• - rise of individualism
• - breaking-up of the idea of future
• Religion of modernity (Rist)
• - secularisation
• - social beliefs (human rights, development,
  knowledge)

19
Developmentalist Ideas

• The Enlightenment
• rationalisation, civilisation, liberation,
  freedom, truth
• Positivism
• universalism, division of ethics out of knowledge
• Economic Thought
• capitalism, industrialism
• Cultural and Social Evolutionism
• comparison of one society (internal natural laws)
• polymorphism, survival of the fittest, general
  history
• Diffusionism
• influence analysis (natural laws in the spread of
  winning phenomena)
• cultural contacts
• Imperialism

20
Causality of Development

• Physical Environment
• Climate
• Resources
• Communication
• Social Environment
• Social systems and their mechanisms
• Heredity
• Intelligence

21
Motives for Imperialism

• commercial, economic interests
• - natural resources, markets, dead end of
  capitalist national space
• interests of social policy
• - poor, outcasts and prisoners
• interests of power politics
• - European hegemonic struggle, formation of a
  social order
• sociopsychological interests
• - preservation of social structure by warrior
  aristocracy
• (devil and elite theories)
• ideological interests
• - evangelisation, civilisation philantrophy,
  solidarity, matter of duty

22
Critiques of Imperialism

• Liberalist critique
• bias and malfunction in a capitalist system,
• protectionist operation against free trade,
• cause of huge warfare and administrative costs,
• cause of monopolisation
• Marxist critique
• interest of capitalists (allow extra time for
  capitalist phase)
• Nationalist critique
• political focus on wrong direction
• Cultural critique
• change of justified social conditions, cultural
  and political integrity

23
The Idea of Imperial/International Control

• trusteeship property to be placed in the hands
  of trustees who would be chosen on the basis of
  their capacity to decide where and how societys
  resources should be invested
• education civilisation
• social system primary health care

24
Postwar Global System

• Realisation of the international underdevelopment
  problem
• focus change civilisation gt economic growth
• hegemonic change in the international politics
• Bretton Woods institutions a global economic and
  political government
• World Bank
• International Monetary Fund (IMF)
• International Trade Organization (ITO)/ General
  Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)/ World
  Trade Organization (WTO)
• United Nations (UN)
• Political outlinings of world system
• Western Liberal Democracy Doctrine
• Socialist Revolutionary Doctrine
• Non-alignment Doctrine

25
World Bank i.e. International Bank for
Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and
International Development Association (IDA)

• responsibility of economic reconstruction and
  development projects
• provide low-interest loans, interest-free credit,
  and grants to development projects
• project lending gt program lending
• from the principle of national sovereignty to
  growing conditionality on the competence of the
  recipient government
• not bank, but rather a specialised agency of the
  United Nations
• World Bank Group IBDR, IDA, International
  Finance Corporation (IFC), The Multilateral
  Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), The
  International Centre for Settlement of Investment
  Disputes (ICSID)

26
The International Monetary Fund

• IMF is responsible for ensuring the stability of
  the international monetary and financial system
• responsibility of
• promoting international monetary cooperation
• promoting exchange rate stability
• promoting orderly exchange arrangements
• fostering balanced economic growth of
  international trade and high levels of employment
  
• providing temporary financial assistance to
  countries to help ease balance of payments
  adjustment
• operations
• surveillance over exchange arrangements
• financial assistance
• technical assistance

27
International Trade Organization (ITO) gt General
Agreement of Tariffs and Trade (GATT) gt World
Trade Organization (WTO)

• BW ITO
• responsibility of
• controlling commodity prices
• promoting equal access to the markets, products
  and productive facilities
• promoting on a reciprocal and mutually
  advantageous basis for the reduction of tariffs
  and other barriers to trade and the elimination
  of discriminatory treatment in international
  commerce
• facilitating through the promotion of mutual
  understanding, consultation and co-operation, the
  solution of problems relating to international
  trade
• GATT (1947)
• agreement without surveillance tools of an
  organisation planned
• WTO (1995)
• responsibility of helping producers to conduct
  their business with administering trade
  agreements, negotiations, handling trade
  disputes, monitoring national trade policies, and
  offering technical assistance
• state-to-state relations cooperative openness,
  harmonisation, fairness, risk reduction
• domestic policies self-restraint, coalition
  building
• international organisation trade functionalism,
  comparative institutionalism

28
United Nations (UN)

• UN responsible for
• political outlining of global economy and
  security
• planning and realising of large development aid
  programs
• taking care of world peace and security, social
  and economic development, human rights and other
  humanitarian affairs, and international law
• maintaining equilibrium of international system
  and administering international dialogue
• Main bodies
• General Assembly
• Economic and Social Council
• International Court of Justice
• Security Council
• Trusteeship Council
• Secreteriat