Are we singing from the same Hymn Sheet

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Are we singing from the same Hymn Sheet ?

• Professor Chris Coggins
• The Landfill Allowances Trading Scheme (LATS)
• Is England Ready ?
• CIWM London Southern Counties Centre
• London Borough of Sutton
• 8th April 2005

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The EU Landfill Directive

• Diversion of Biodegradable municipal waste
• Targets 25 by 2010, 50 by 2013, 65 by 2020
• (assuming four year derogation)
• (2.68 14.4 million tonnes ?)
• Landfill tax - 15 to 18 in April 2005 35
• LATS fine 150 per tonne (was 200) ( M-BEAM)
• 2,000 new waste management facilities in the UK
  ?
• 7billion to deliver

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Household or Municipal Waste ?

• Council Directive on Landfill of Waste, Article
  2(b)
• municipal waste means waste from households, as
  well as other waste which, because of its nature
  or composition, is similar to waste from
  households
• (my italics)
• as in Waste and Emissions Trading Act 2003
• 1995 baseline data ? (2001/02 ? for LATS)

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Household or Municipal Waste ?

• municipal waste includes all waste under the
  control of local authorities, whether or not they
  have contracted out services
• ... interpreted by Defra in October 2004 as
  encompassing all waste under the control of
  Waste Collection and Waste Disposal and Unitary
  Authorities
• This includes all household waste, some
  commercial waste and where appropriate some
  industrial waste
• (paragraph 22, my italics)

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Wales v. England ?

• BVPI targets in Wales are for Municipal Waste
• (includes LA trade waste customers taking
  segregated recyclables to civic amenity sites)
• (minimum targets for recycling and composting)
• (no LATS)
• BVPI targets in England are for Household Waste
• (excludes trade waste (LA customers or otherwise)
  taken to civic amenity sites)
• (except cost of waste disposal, which is for
  municipal)
• (combined target for recycling and composting)

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Biodegradable Waste - 1

• Council Directive on the landfill of waste
  (1999/31/EC)
• Article 2 (m) biodegradable waste means any
  waste that is capable of undergoing anaerobic or
  aerobic decomposition,
• such as food and garden waste, paper and
  paperboard
• (also used in Waste Emissions Trading Act 2003)

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Biodegradable Waste - 2

• Until c. 1990 UK waste composition studies
  included
• putrescibles _at_ 100
• paper and card _at_ 100
• miscellaneous combustibles, non-combustibles,
  textiles and fines _at_ 50
• (as in Limiting Landfill in 1999, 68of MSW in
  England)
• amended in 2004
• wood, vegetable oil _at_100
• textiles and footwear, furniture _at_ 50

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Biodegradable Waste - 3

• Compostable and non-compostable wastes
• Green or Garden or Kitchen ?
• Compostable garden soft prunings, grass, autumn
  leaves, green foliage
• Compostable kitchen fruit/vegetable peelings,
  eggshells, teabags, flowers
• nitrogen-rich greens wet, soft, green
• carbon-rich browns dry, harder, absorbent
• Non-compostable garden woody prunings,
  branches, fencing
• Non-compostable kitchen gravy, fat, meat waste,
  cheese, pet droppings, hair
• For BVPIs in England, household waste does not
  include home composted waste

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Biodegradable Waste - 4

• Animal By-Product Regulations 2003
• Regulation (EC) No. 1774/2002, Defra May 2004
• The term former foodstuffs of animal origin
  does not include catering wastes which is defined
  as all waste food including used cooking oils
  originating in restaurants, catering facilities
  and kitchens, including central kitchens and
  household kitchens ( Category 3 low risk
  wastes)
• catering waste disposed of to landfill or
  incineration must not allow access by livestock
  and birds (also affects open windrow composting)
• former foodstuffs of animal origin (no longer
  intended for human consumption for commercial
  reasons, sell-by date, problems due to
  manufacture and/or packaging) can be disposed of
  to landfill until 31st December 2005, providing
  measures are taken to exclude raw meat and
  fish(within shelf life bargain areas, doggy
  bags, charity)
• compostable waste from household kitchens may
  still be home composted
• (including teabags)

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Biodegradable Waste - 5

• Prudential Soggy Lettuce Report 2004
• each person in UK wastes 424 of food per annum
• food items thrown away each week salad (61),
  bread (60), fruit (57), milk (45), cooked meat
  ( 43), biscuits et al ( 42), cheese (33),
  fresh meat and fish (23)
• Yubbies (2004 Report)
• 865 million of food thrown away each year in the
  UK people too busy to eat it

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Biodegradable Waste - 6

• Instructions from one Local Authority to
  householders, with reference to a new kerbside
  garden waste scheme -
• grass cuttings, hedge clippings, plants, leaves,
  weeds, branches up to 10 cm diameter, any other
  untreated wood
• Because of new legislation, your Council cant
  take any waste from your kitchen (e.g. tea bags,
  vegetable, fruit, meat, diary waste)

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Thematic Strategy Waste Recycling 1

• Wastes as substitute/secondary raw materials
• (quantity, quality, contamination, availability,
  price, environmental risks/benefits
• - not simply fit-for-purpose)
• Focus on resources/materials and not product
  waste streams
• (glass, plastics, metals, organics)
• Source segregation
• (Guidance on HWRA 2003 says The use of material
  recycling (or reclamation) facilities (MRFs) to
  separate unsorted household waste is not an
  acceptable alternative to the separate collection
  of recyclables)
• Definition of wastes principal/primary
  objective ?

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Thematic Strategy Waste Recycling 2

• Material-based recycling targets end-of-life
  product targets
• (natural/synthetic organics, natural/manufactured
  inorganics)
• Mix of economic instruments
• (taxes, incentives, PAYT, tradable permits)
• Ensuring recycling/composting is clean and easy
• (source segregation, collection/sorting,
  re-processing BATRRT procurement)

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Amendments to Waste Framework Directive ?

• Thematic Strategies
• sustainable use of natural resources
• prevention and recycling of waste
• Consultation in Autumn 2004
• Debate in EU January-March 2005
• waste prevention plans and targets ?
• wastes as resources ( priority waste streams ?)
• by-products
• RDF SRF wastes, RRBF resource
• (90/98 biomass ?, minimum calorific value ?
  thermal conversion efficiency ?)
• van der Walle case

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Valorisation from MBT technologies

• In-Vessel Composting and/or Anaerobic Digestion
• link with waste water management
• refined by windrow composting
• exports ?
• or stabilised waste into landfill ?
• EA Consultation Paper on LATS and MBT of November
  2004 -
• MBT outputs which are waste and are subsequently
  deposited on land, including use as landfill
  cover and restoration of land or landfills, may
  be regarded as being landfilled and will count
  against landfill allowances
• (favours use of MBT outputs as dry fibre ?)
• The composted or digested residual fraction is
  unlikely to meet standards for soil improvers or
  compost due to the physical (glass, plastic, etc)
  and chemical contaminants
• (thus not counting towards composting targets ?)

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Valorisation from MBT technologies

• EU Working Document Biological Treatment of
  Biowaste, 2nd draft, February 2001
• Compost means the stable sanitised waste and
  humus-like material rich in organic matter and
  free form offensive odours resulting from the
  composting process of separately collected
  biowaste, which complies with the environmental
  quality classes of Annex III
• Stabilised biowaste means the waste resulting
  from the mechanical/biological treatment of
  unsorted waste or residual waste as well as any
  other treated biowaste which does not comply with
  the environmental quality classes 1 or 2 of Annex
  III

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Juniper Report

• Stabilisation of waste for landfilling
• make a compost from MSW
• make a lower grade soil improver from MSW
• make an RDF
• produce a fuel using bio-drying
• MBT to reduce the need for thermal treatment
• produce a biogas
• produce biogas soil improver
• 600 page report (free) from www.juniper.co.uk
  (March 2005)

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Recovery

• WFD Annex IIB Use principally as a fuel or
  other means to generate energy
• 2002/03 ECJ rulings
• based on the principal/primary objective
• Waste inputs to
• co-incineration or power stations substituting
  primary fuels
• and recovery
• ( future need for electricity ? CEN/TC 343 ?
  Only 4 power stations meet WID ?)
• (Longannet 2004 sewage pellets replacing coal
  still waste subject to article 10 of WFD
  WID)
• municipal incineration disposal and not
  recovery
• (but see February 2004 Packaging Directive
  04/12/EC)

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Energy from Waste in the UK the future

• 2005/06 Review Final Terms of Reference for
  review of Renewables Obligations Certificates -
• Para 4 (v) the case for amending ROC
  eligibility rules regarding electricity generated
  from mixed wastes in ways which are consistent
  with the goals of supporting technological
  developments in waste management which offer
  environmental benefits and which meet the
  Government's requirements of increasing recycling
  and reducing the volume of waste sent to
  landfill
• (my italics, previously only applicable to
  landfill gas and the biodegradable fraction (68
  at 98) via advanced conversion technologies
  and not incineration)
• see also DTI Consultation Document ( Ilex
  Report) of March 2005
• (latter MBT not attractive in economic terms,
  efw 26mte by 2010 ??)

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Co-location

• HM Customs and Excise (May 2004) Notice LFT1 A
  general guide to landfill tax
• Qualifying uses for landfill tax-free areas
  broadened to include -
• recycle waste (which includes composting)
• incinerate waste
• sort waste pending its use at a place other than
  a landfill site
• sort waste pending its disposal
• If waste is processed before its disposal to
  landfill and the process changes it into a
  useable material, the original producers
  intention is no longer relevant. The landfill tax
  liability is determined by the intention of the
  recycler, as evidenced by the nature of the
  transaction
• in context of need for c.200 resource
  recycling/recovery parks ?

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Ban on Landfilling of Wastes ?

• Report of European Parliament Rapporteur
• Draft European Resolution to the
  Commission, Feb. 2004
• Ban on landfilling of untreated biodegradable
  waste by 2010
• Ban on landfilling of recyclables by 2015
• Ban on landfilling of recoverable waste by 2020
• Ban on landfilling of residual waste by 2025
• (except where unavoidable or hazardous)
• targets for prevention of disposal role of
  recycling recovery

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Basel Convention and Exports for Recovery ?

• Green waste (Annex II of the Convention)
  considered non-hazardous for re-processing/recycli
  ng, requiring only normal documentation, e.g.
  kerbside collected recyclables as shipments of
  homogeneous loads (e.g. paper and card,
  uncontaminated by other waste types).
• Within the EU and OECD, under Article 11 rules
  (similar to Duty of Care). For non-OECD countries
  documentation will vary often imposing higher
  levels of control. Under the Green List
  Regulations Council Regulation EC 1420/99 (as
  amended) and Commission Regulation EC 1547/99 (as
  amended), non- OECD countries have specified the
  green list categories they are prepared to import
  for recovery and the controls applicable to such
  imports. These may be different for different
  non-OECD countries and different green list waste
  categories complete ban, Amber controls, Red
  controls and Article 15 controls, normal
  commercial controls.
• In limited circumstances a mixture of wastes can
  be classified in terms of its green listed
  fractions and exported for recovery (but not
  disposal) to certain countries not covered by the
  OECD Decision under normal commercial controls
  and need not be pre-notified or authorised by the
  Environment Agency.Otherwise mixed municipal
  waste Amber category.

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Green List Waste Exports

• Trends in exports of Green List Wastes from the
  UK, 1999-2003
• (source Environment Agency)
• 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
• Paper 6,812 13,468 694,355 1,226,862
  1,997,316
• (E1,125,000
• Plastics 48,227 81,293 86,919 109,543
  195,888
• (E13,000)

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Waste Recycling in the 1890s

• Mineral water bottles original producer
• Medicine bottles special dealers
• Miscellaneous bottles shooting galleries
• white glass glass makers
• green glass emery paper makers
• scrap iron, tinware, other metals scrap dealers
• bricks and breezeblocks brick makers
• hard core and clinker road foundations
• oyster shells cage birds and poultry
• Rag, string and paper paper dealers
• Boot leather shoe repairers
• street sweeping residues garden and farm manure
• Source manual sorting and sieving of household
  waste, Letts Wharf, City of London (John Holmes)

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Final Thoughts

• Changes in definitions including wastes as
  resources
• Forecasting future waste tonnages composition
• Vagaries of data measurement prevention,
  weather
• Better auditing of MSW and CI waste
• Recycling/composting, MBT (last chance saloon),
  Incineration
• Resolve conflicts between various targets
• If you are not confused you are not up to date

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Thank You

• Professor Chris Coggins
• 174 Old Bedford Road
• Luton
• LU2 7HW
• UK
• Tel [phone]
• Email WAMTECH_at_Luton174.fsnet.co.uk