http:www.nauu.kiev.ua

1
National agricultural university of
Ukraine Modern biotechnologies as new stage of
nature evolution Kiev, NAU, 3-5 November
2008 Maksym Melnychuk Vice-rector on
scientific innovation activity, Doctor of
biology, Professor, Laureate of Ukrainian State
prize on science and technology, Corresponding-me
mber of UAAS
http//www.nauu.kiev.ua 38 (044)
527-8430
2
(No Transcript)
3
World population 1750 2050
Further growth, but at drastically declining rates
12.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
9.0
0.6
0.5
Annual increments (billions)
6.0
Total population (billions)
0.4
0.3
3.0
0.2
0.1
0.0
0
1750
1800
1850
1900
1950
2000
2050
Source UN, 2003
4
Population growth is concentrated in developing
countries
5
Urban and Rural Population 1950-2030
Source UN, World Population Assessment 2002
6
Rising consumption of livestock products
7
Sources ADB, POPCOM
8
To feed this population...

• world cereal production should increase by 50!

9
Wheat actual versus potential yields (high
input, suitable land, rain-fed)
8
7
Potential
6
Actual
5
4
t/ha
3
2
1
0
USA
Iran
Brazil
Turkey
Ukraine
Ethiopia
Tanzania
Germany
Argentina
10
World markets and export opportunities
11
Global problems (addition)

• Urbanisation

12
Global problems

• Water

13
Global problems and issues

• Claims on natural resources
• Land
• Water
• Energy
• Nutrients
• Claims on labour

14
With increasing demand for food and limiting
resources...
we need better and more efficient ways to produce
food
one option is through
Biotechnology
15
Bio
- life
Technology
- any technique or procedure to develop new
products
16
Biotechnology
- any technique that uses whole or part of a
living thing to make new products, improve or
develop plants, animals and other organisms for
specific use
17
GE of animals
GE of plants
GE to improve microorganisms
GE to develop animal vaccines
Recombinant DNA for disease diagnostics
GE of biocontrol agents against plant pest
diseases
Monoclonal anti body production
Plant protoplast fusion
Plant tissue culture
Embryo transfer
Fermentation, Biofertilizers
18

• Insulin for diabetes

Interferon for treating cancer
Hepatitis B vaccine
19
Using living organisms to clean the environment
20

• Food biotechnology

Improved food quality and food processing
Better tasting More nutritious Cleaner food
21

• Animal biotechnology

• Better breeds of livestock and poultry
• leaner meat
• more milk
• Vaccines

22

• Crops biotechnology

Tissue cultured planting materials
High yielding crops
Varieties resistant to pests and diseases
Diagnostic kits
Improved post harvest qualities
23

• Genetic engineering

Technique that transfers gene(s) of interest to
develop and improve plants, animals and other
organisms
24
Where are the differences among technologies?
Wild Relative
Crop Plant
Wild Relative
Crop Plant
Conventional Breeding Classical technology
Genetic Engineering Modern technology
25
DNA is similar biochemical structure for all
biodiversity!
Conventional Breeding

• limited to exchanges between the same or very
  closely related species
• little or no guarantee of obtaining any
  particular gene combination from the millions of
  crosses generated
• undesirable genes can be transferred along with
  desirable genes
• take a long time to achieve desired results

Genetic Engineering

• allows the direct transfer of one or just a few
  genes, between either closely or distantly
  related organisms
• crop improvement can be achieved in a shorter
  time compared to conventional breeding

26
Genomics How much information do we need for life?

• Genome Size Number of bases (ATCG)

• Bacteria (E. coli)gt 1 book of 1000 pages
  5,000,000
• Yeast 12,000,000

Human 3,000,000,000

• The most important Crops of the World (70)
• Rice - Smallest Genome, good Model System
  
• Maize - 6 x bigger as Rice, 80 repeated
  Sequences
• Wheat - 40 x bigger as Rice 90 repeated
  Sequences

sequenced
27
From Genomics to New Germplasm The 2 Phases of
Biology
Reverse Genetics Forward Genetics
Genotype
Phenotype
Gene?RNA?Proteins?Metabolites?Organisme DNA
SequenceMap Transcriptome
Proteome Metabolome
Profiling
Genomics Platform
Phase 1
28
Negative impacts in plant breeding
Gene
Gene
Gene
Gene
Gene
Gene
Gene
Gene
Gene
Gene
Gene
Gene
Gene
Gene
Gene
Gene
Gene
Gene
Gene
Gene
Gene
Gene
Gene
Gene
Wild species Early (first steps)
varieties Modern varieties Domesticatio
n decreasing biodiversity!
Tanksley and McCouch, Science 1997 August 22
277 1063-1066
29
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)
Transgenics
Products developed through genetic engineering
30
Energy In need of vast areas

• Plants fix no more than 3 of solar energy in
  sugars
• 1.2 ton oil per hectare 1000 liter diesel
  20.000 km
• Consider the energy balance 0.5 liter for 1
  liter bio fuel

31
Global Area of Biotech Crops, 1996 to
2007 Industrial and Developing Countries
(Million Hectares)
Source Clive James, 2008
32
Global Area of Biotech Crops, 1996 to 2007 By
Crop (Million Hectares)
Source Clive James, 2008
33
Global Area of Biotech Crops, 1996 to 2007 By
Trait (Million Hectares)
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Source Clive James, 2008
34
Global Adoption Rates () for Principal Biotech
Crops (Million Hectares) 2007
35
Biotech Crop Countries and Mega-Countries, 2007
36
Genetic code could we change it? Do we have
the rights from the Nature?
37

• Biotechnology is scientific nuclear energy. It
  can be used as reactor for electricity supply or
  nuclear bomb for human and all biodiversity.
• During our conference in Kiev up to 1 billion
  Worlds population are hungry.
• We must decide how to change it as soon as
  possible.
• Everything in our brains, hands and souls.
• ????? ?? ?????!
• ??????? ?? ????????!
• Thanks for attention!