Mental illness

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Mental illness
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What is Normal?

• Psychopathology Scientific study of mental,
  emotional, and behavioral disorders.
• Subjective Discomfort Feelings of anxiety,
  depression, or emotional distress.
• Statistical Abnormality Having extreme scores on
  some dimension, such as intelligence, anxiety, or
  depression.
• Social Nonconformity Disobeying societal
  standards for normal conduct usually leads to
  destructive or self-destructive behavior.
• Situational Context Social situation, behavioral
  setting, or general circumstance in which an
  action takes place
• Cultural Relativity Judgments are made relative
  to the values of ones culture
• The Medical Model Mental Illness is treated as a
  physical disease.

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Diagnosing Mental Illness

• Difficult for even professionals
• Case Study

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General Risk Factors for Contracting Mental
Illness

• Social Conditions Poverty, homelessness,
  overcrowding, stressful living conditions.
• Family Factors Parents who are immature,
  mentally ill, abusive, or criminal poor child
  discipline severe marital or relationship
  problems
• Psychological Factors Low intelligence, stress,
  learning disorders .
• Biological Factors Genetic defects or inherited
  vulnerabilities poor prenatal care, head
  injuries, exposure to toxins, chronic physical
  illness, or disability

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Stereotypes of Psychological Disorders

• Psychological Disorders are a sign of personal
  weakness.
• Psychological disorders are incurable.
• People with psychological disorders are often
  violent and dangerous.
• People with psychological disorder behave in
  bizarre ways and are very different from normal
  people.

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Psychodiagnosis The Classification of Disorders

• DSM-IV-TR (text revision)Diagnostic and
  Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth
  Edition, Text Revision
• criteria, descriptions and other information to
  guide the classification and diagnosis of mental
  disorders was published in 2000 replacing DSM-IV.
  It is expected that DSM-V will replace DSM-IV-TR
  sometime in the future. This revision of the
  fourth edition of the manual published by the
  American Psychiatric Association to set forth
  diagnostic guidelines.

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History of the DSM

• DSM-I 1952 (describe 60 disorders)
• DSM-II 1968
• DSM-III 1980 (Multiaxial system)
• DSM-III-R 1988
• DSM-IV 1993
• DSM- IV-TR 2000 (Over 200 disorders)

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Multiaxial System

• Axis I Major clinical syndrome
• Axis II Personality and developmental disorders
• Axis III Physical Disorders and conditions
• Axis IV Severity of psychosocial stressors
• Axis V Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF)
  Scale

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A multiaxial evaluationPatient 58 year old male

• Axis I Major depression, alcohol dependence
• Axis II Dependent Personality disorder
• Axis III Alcoholic cirrhosis of liver
• Axis IV Severity 3 (moderate)
  Anticipated retirement and change in residence,
  with loss of contact with friends
• Axis VGAF 44 Highest in in past year 55
• Back

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Axis I Major Clinical Syndrome

• Disorders usually first evident in infancy ,
  childhood or adolescence.(ADD, Bulimia and
  anorexia)
• Organic Mental disorder Temporary or permanent
  dysfunction of brain tissue caused by diseases or
  chemicals.
• Psychoactive substance use disorders
• Schizophrenic Disorders (Grossly disorganized
  behavior, delusions, and hallucinations)
• Delusional disorder
• Mood Disorder
• Anxiety disorders
• Somatoform disorders
• Dissociative disorders
• Psychosexual disorder
• Back

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Axis II Personality and Developmental Disorders

• Personality Disorders Disorders are patterns
  of personality traits that are
  longstanding, maladaptive, and inflexible and
  involve impaired functioning or subjective
  distress http//behavenet.com/capsules/disorders/
  prsnltydsrdr.htm
• Specific Developmental disorders Autism,
  Mental retardation, reading, writing and
  arithmetic disorders Back

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Axis IIIPhysical disorders and conditions

• Physical disorders or conditions are recorded on
  this axis.
• Examples Diabetes, arthrities, and hemophilia
• Back

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Axis IVSeverity of Psychosocial stressors (back)
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Axis VGlobal Assessment of Functioning Scale

• 90-Absent or minimal symptoms, good functioning
  in all areas
• 60 Moderate symptoms or difficulty in social ,
  occupational, or school functioning.
• 30 Behavior considerably influenced by delusions
  or hallucinations, serious impairment in
  communication or judgment, or inability to
  function in almost all areas
• 10 Persistent danger of severely hurting self or
  others
• BACK

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Mood Disorders

• Class of disorders marked by emotional
  disturbances of varied kinds that may spill over
  to disrupt physical, perceptual, social, and
  thought processes.
• Major Depression, bipolar disorder, dysthymic
  disorder and cyclothymic

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Sample Case Study for Major Depressive Episode
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Anxiety Disorders

• Disorders characterized by physiological signs of
  anxiety (for example, palpitations) and
  subjective feelings of tension, apprehension, or
  fear. Anxiety may be acute and focused (panic
  disorder) or continual and diffuse (generalized
  anxiety disorder)

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Sample Case Study for Major Depressive Episode