May 2006 Paper 3

1
May 2006 Paper 3

• Option A Analyzing Ecosystems

2
A1a

• Describe explain graph shape (need at least 2
  (E) points
• 1st part of graph resembles J curve

3
A1a

• Describe explain graph shape (need at least 2
  (E) points
• 1st part of graph resembles J curve
• Typical Boom bust or increase crash graph

4
A1a

• Describe explain graph shape (need at least 2
  (E) points
• 1st part of graph resembles J curve
• Typical Boom bust or increase crash graph
• Initial low pop

5
A1a

• Describe explain graph shape (need at least 2
  (E) points
• 1st part of graph resembles J curve
• Typical Boom bust or increase crash graph
• Initial low pop
• Period of exponential increase as population
  increase with few limiting factors (E)

6
A1a

• Pop increases with minimum effects of predators
  (E)

7
A1a

• Pop increases with minimum effects of predators
  (E)
• Perhaps predators killed off by humans (E)

8
A1a

• Pop increases with minimum effects of predators
  (E)
• Perhaps predators killed off by humans (E)
• Population peaks in about 1924

9
A1a

• Pop increases with minimum effects of predators
  (E)
• Perhaps predators killed off by humans (E)
• Population peaks in about 1924
• Eventually pop falls rapidly crash occurs

10
A1a

• Pop increases with minimum effects of predators
  (E)
• Perhaps predators killed off by humans (E)
• Population peaks in about 1924
• Eventually pop falls rapidly crash occurs
• Decline might be due to hunting pressure (E)

11
A1a

• 10. In due course control factor(s) take(s)
  effect (E) such as food supplies are exhausted

12
A1a

• 10. In due course control factor(s) take(s)
  effect (E) such as food supplies are exhausted
• 11. As pop exceeds carrying capacity /or
  disease/starvation occurs (E)

13
A1a

• 10. In due course control factor(s) take(s)
  effect (E) such as food supplies are exhausted
• 11. As pop exceeds carrying capacity /or
  disease/starvation occurs (E)
• 12. As death rate is greater than birth rate (E)

14
A1a

• 10. In due course control factor(s) take(s)
  effect (E) such as food supplies are exhausted
• 11. As pop exceeds carrying capacity /or
  disease/starvation occurs (E)
• 12. As death rate is greater than birth rate (E)
• 13. Pop eventually approaches stability

15
A1b

• Outline how data on graph collected
• catch and release method
• Sample of deer caught marked/tagged
• Release allowed to mix w/population
• Recaptured checked for marks
• Use of Lincoln index to calculate

16
A1b

• Outline how data on graph collected
• Use of aerial photos/satellite images
• Images/photos divided into quadrats
• Select sample quadrats using random number tables
  
• Multiply to obtain value for whole region

17
A1b

• Outline how data on graph collected
• 3. Use of hunting records

18
A1b

• Outline how data on graph collected
• Use of hunting records
• Use of tracks/scat or fallen antlers to estimate
  numbers

19
A1b

• Outline how data on graph collected
• Use of hunting records
• Use of tracks/scat or fallen antlers to estimate
  numbers
• Statistical or computer modeling

20
A1b

• Outline how data on graph collected
• Use of hunting records
• Use of tracks/scat or fallen antlers to estimate
  numbers
• Statistical or computer modeling
• Obtain separate estimates for areas of each
  distinctive habitat

21
A1c

• Difficulties in collecting type of data
• 1. Markings may interfere w/ability to move,
  feed or reproduce

22
A1c

• Difficulties in collecting type of data
• Markings may interfere w/ability to move, feed or
  reproduce
• Animals may become capture prone or capture shy

23
A1c

• Difficulties in collecting type of data
• Markings may interfere w/ability to move, feed or
  reproduce
• Animals may become capture prone or capture shy
• Immigration, emigration, births or deaths occur
  w/in census period

24
A1c

• Difficulties in collecting type of data
• Markings may interfere w/ability to move, feed or
  reproduce
• Animals may become capture prone or capture shy
• Immigration, emigration, births or deaths occur
  w/in census period
• Hunting records unreliable (poaching..)

25
A1c

• Difficulties in collecting type of data
• 5. Animals hidden from aerial surveillance
  beneath cover

26
A1c

• Difficulties in collecting type of data
• Animals hidden from aerial surveillance beneath
  cover
• If sample quadrat used, sample area may not be
  typical

27
A1c

• Difficulties in collecting type of data
• Animals hidden from aerial surveillance beneath
  cover
• If sample quadrat used, sample area may not be
  typical
• Deer are social animals move in herds which
  leads to under over recording

28
A1c

• Difficulties in collecting type of data
• Animals hidden from aerial surveillance beneath
  cover
• If sample quadrat used, sample area may not be
  typical
• Deer are social animals move in herds which
  leads to under over recording
• Indirect methods (tracks/scat) unreliable

29
A1d

• NPP GPP R
• NPP measured by selection of typical
  quadrat/appropriate ecosystem sample

30
A1d

• NPP GPP R
• NPP measured by selection of typical
  quadrat/appropriate ecosystem sample
• Collection of biomass at start of growing period
• Careful weighing to obtain value for dry-weight
  per unit area/sample

31
A1d

• Collection of biomass from an identical
  quadrat/sample at end of growing period
• Drying weighing of new sample

32
A1d

• Collection of biomass from an identical
  quadrat/sample at end of growing period
• Drying weighing of new sample
• Obtain caloric value from tables
• Difference related to time gives productivity

33
A1d

• Collection of biomass from an identical
  quadrat/sample at end of growing period
• Drying weighing of new sample
• Obtain caloric value from tables
• Difference related to time gives productivity

34
A1d

• Allowance needs to be made for underground
  material, roots, etc
• Special efforts must be made to obtain this

35
A1d

• Allowance needs to be made for underground
  material, roots, etc
• Special efforts must be made to obtain this
• Material consumed by herbivores
• Repetition of studies and taking of mean for
  greater accuracy

36
A1e

• Abiotic factor must be appropriate to ecosystem
  from (d) example from FW

37
A1e

• Abiotic factor must be appropriate to ecosystem
  from (d) example from FW
• A1ei
• Temperature varies both on daily seasonal basis
• Photosynthesis varies w/temp, the abundance of
  producers consumers varies seasonally with
  temp.

38
A1e

• Abiotic factor must be appropriate to ecosystem
  from (d) example from FW
• A1ei
• Photosynthesis varies w/temp, the abundance of
  producers (phytoplankton) consumers (water
  fleas) varies seasonally with temp.

39
A1eii

• Method depends on factor selected
• Use thermometer
• Repeat at regular intervals (different times of
  day or times of yr)
• Under identical condition

40
A1eii

• Method depends on factor selected
• Use thermometer
• Repeat at regular intervals (different times of
  day or times of yr)
• Under identical condition
• Count water fleas in a scoop (with net) of
  water
• Preferably at same time as temp measurements
  under identical conditions

41
A1eii

• Evaluation of method
• Subjectivity of observation( diff people
  observe/record in diff ways)
• Standardization of procedure

42
A1eii

• Evaluation of method
• Subjectivity of observation( diff people
  observe/record in diff ways)
• Standardization of procedure
• generalization (avoid atypical conditions such
  as shaded area)
• Difficulties in qualitative measurements (poor
  light conditions)

43
Option D Pollution Management

• D1a
• The release of pollution from numerous widely
  distributed origins
• Examples
• Waste gases from exhaust systems of vehicles
• Fertilizer leaching into groundwater from lawns

44
D1b

• 3.8 mg kg 1
• 15.9 mg kg 1
• Add the values provided for the time period and
  divide by the of data points provided
• Units are required

45
D1c

• At both locations at all times Fe amounts are
  higher than Pb
• Reasons include
• Both locations are some distance from mine sites
  Pb, being heavier material, is precipitated
  closer than either location 1 or 2

46
D1c

• At both locations at all times Fe amounts are
  higher than Pb
• Reasons include
• There is very little Pb in the ore mined
• Much more Fe than Pb mined therefore emitted

47
D1c

• At both locations at all times Fe amounts are
  higher than Pb
• Reasons include
• There is very little Pb in the ore mined
• Much more Fe than Pb mined therefore emitted
• Pb is removed from the material emitted

48
D1c ii

• At location 2, ppt is much higher in April-May
  than at other times of the year

49
D1c ii

• At location 2, ppt is much higher in April-May
  than at other times of the year
• Possible reasons include
• Seasonal variation in wind directions
• Amount of mining activity varies over time

50
D1c iii

• Average conc of Pb is much higher at locations 2
  than at location 1
• Possible reasons include
• Location 2 in closer to mine site

51
D1d

• Monitoring of the level of pollution using biotic
  index
• Monitoring using observation on the abundance
  types of organisms present

52
D1d

• Monitoring of the level of pollution using biotic
  index
• Monitoring using observation on the abundance
  types of organisms present
• Examples include
• Monitoring air pollution by noting the of
  lichens present
• The more species the more individuals the less
  pollution

53
D1d

• Monitoring of the level of pollution using biotic
  index
• Monitoring using observation on the abundance
  types of organisms present
• Examples include
• Very few species in the lichen desert of large
  cities
• Many dozens of species in uncontaminated area

54
D1e

• Environmental Impact Statement approach
• Careful, pre-development baseline measurements

55
D1e

• Environmental Impact Statement approach
• Careful, pre-development baseline measurements
• Environmental study of abiotic factors such as
  air quality, noise levels
• Comparison with similar sites elsewhere

56
D1e

• Environmental Impact Statement approach
• Careful, pre-development baseline measurements
• Environmental study of abiotic factors such as
  air quality, noise levels
• Comparison with similar sites elsewhere
• Assessment of vulnerability to local impact

57
D1e

• Environmental Impact Statement approach
• Comparison with similar sites elsewhere
• Assessment of vulnerability to local impact
• Consideration of associated activities such as
  traffic, transportation
• Socio-economic impacts

58
D1f

• Example is based on nuclear waste
• Incorporate in glass or artificial rock
• Deep burial in abandoned mines or caves

59
D1f

• Example is based on nuclear waste
• Incorporate in glass or artificial rock
• Deep burial in abandoned mines or caves
• Shallow burial in places where radiation can be
  monitored
• Surround by lead or similar material

60
D1f

• Example is based on nuclear waste
• Incorporate in glass or artificial rock
• Deep burial in abandoned mines or caves
• Shallow burial in places where radiation can be
  monitored
• Surround by lead or similar material
• Transport to reprocessing plant

61
Option D Pollution Management

• D1a
• The release of pollution from numerous widely
  distributed origins
• OR
• The contamination of a wide area by a pollutant
  where no single source can be identified