Taylor

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Taylor Thornton, ALSTOM Power, Rugby
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0.5 µm
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V????V?
dV? (1 - ) dV?
e
V
V????V?
dV? (1 - ) dV?
e
V
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Robson, Jones Bhadeshia, 1996
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2.25Cr1Mo 600 C
M3C
M2X
M23C6
Time / h
1000 h
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3Cr1.5Mo 600 C
M23C6
Time / h
10
0.02500
NF616 600 C
M23C6
M
C
3
0.02000
0.01500
0.01000
Laves
M
X
0.00500
2
0.00000
1e-03
1e00
1e03
Time / h
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Empirical Equations
?y a b (C) c (Mn) d (Ni)
....
1223
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?y a b (C) c (Mn) ?y a b (C) c
(Mn) d(C x Mn)
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?y a b (C) c (Mn) ?y a b (C) c
(Mn) d(C x Mn) ?y sin (C)
tanh (Mn)
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Hyperbolic Tangents
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The complexity of the model is given by the
number of hidden units, i.e. the number of
hyperbolic tangent functions included
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y
A
B
x
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Brun, Robson, Narayan, MacKay Bhadeshia, 1998
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Components of Creep Strength, 2.25Cr1Mo
iron microstructure
550 C
solid solution
600 C
precipitates
Murugananth Bhadeshia, 2001
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elements in solution
Murugananth Bhadeshia, 2001
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Cole Bhadeshia, 1999
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GTA weld at 823 K (data from Nippon Steel)
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
20000
30000
40000
Life / hours
Cole Bhadeshia, 1999
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Cole Bhadeshia, 1999
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Linkweld Project, Siemens Power Generation
o
W5397 Weld Metal Rupture at 570
C
500
400
300
200
100
0
2
3
4
5
6
log(life / h)
Cole and Bhadeshia, 2000
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Data from Manoir Industries 9Cr 1Mo type steel
(Z1092, 600 C)
300
200
Rupture stress / MPa
100
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
log (life / h)
Cole and Bhadeshia, 2000
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Cool, 1996
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Cool, 1996
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600 C
As-welded
700 C
650 C
Cool, 1996
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Coarsening
diffusion
r
r
2
1
flux
a
q
q
concentration
aq
c
r
aq
1
c
r
2
distance
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1/3
Mean radius / m
1/2
Time / s
-3
Number density
18
10 m
Time / s
Fujita Bhadeshia, 2000
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Data from Abe, 1999 Fe-9Cr-W alloys
0W 1W 2W 4W
M_23C_6 size / µm
Time at 600 C / h
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Coarsening accelerated by tungsten!
-1
chromium alone
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Effective diffusivity / m s
multicomponent
Tungsten / wt
Bhadeshia, 2000
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M_23 C_6
Mole fraction of phase
Laves phase
Tungsten / wt
Bhadeshia, 2000
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Multiphase coarsening
Laves
concentration
in ferrite
q
q
distance
Bhadeshia, 2000
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The microscopic world
Atom (10-8 cm)
Nucleus (10-12 cm)
Nucleon (10-13 cm)
Gelletly, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. A, 356
(1998) 1952.
Quark (10-18 cm)
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Multicomponent coarsening
Venugopalan Kirkaldy, 1978