Sustainable Design in Engineering

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Sustainable Design in Engineering

• ECE 0909.403 ECE 0909.504.03
• Lecture 3
• Energy Fundamentals Sources of Electricity, the
  Heat Pump, and Sustainable Power Systems
• 15 September 2005
• Dr. Peter Mark Jansson PP PE

2
Aims

• Discuss Weeks Articles HW 2
• The Business Response
• Understand the Increasingly Important Role the
  Environment Plays in Sustainable Enterprise
• Team Assignments Webquest 1
• Introduce Energy Fundamentals and Sustainable
  Power Systems

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Threat or Opportunity?

• Business Responses
• Ignore
• Watch and Wait
• Strategise and Experiment
• Build Competitive Advantage

4
Areas of Activity

• Eco-Innovation
• Profiting from Pollution Prevention
• Eco-Efficiency by Design
• Innovation
• Managing Change
• Systems, Stakeholders and Reporting
• Financial Sector

5
Methods Elements of Design

• Manufactured Technology Translation of Ideas
  into Artefacts
• New Products
• Clean Slate Approach from scratch
• Major new recombination of design elements
• Minor modification of elements
• Existing Products
• Major or minor feature/element modifications

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Engineering Design Elements

• Motors Bearings
• Materials Fasteners/Joiners
• Mechanical Systems Power Systems
• Fluid Power Electronic Systems
• Interconnects Motion Control
• CAD/CAM Other Misc.

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What Can Designers Do?

• D f X
• Design forX where X is
• Environment
• Re-Use
• Re-Manufacture or Disassembly
• Energy Efficiency
• Extended Product Life (gtgtMTBF)
• Combination(s) of the above

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Business Case Studies

• Scancem Energy Recovery
• Wessex Water
• BT
• Interface

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Scancem Energy Recovery http//www.scancem.com/

• Subsidiary of SCANCEM international marketer/mfgr
  of mineral based building materials
• gt2B in revenues, gt11,000 employees
• reduced use of fossil fuels by 70,000 tons/yr
• Progress 6 of all energy from rdf in 1996
• 14 acheived by 1998
• 70 reduction by 2002

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Wessex Water http//www.wessexwater.plc.uk/

• reduced over 10 of its energy requirements from
  its own renewable sources 18.9 Million - kWh
• biogas from sewage sludge
• small scale hydropower
• committed to outperform UK govt Kyoto targets
• by achieving 20 by 2005 and 50 by 2020

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British Telcomm http//www.bt.com/

• Cellular Phone - Product Take Back
• ECTEL -group of European equipment manufacturers
• BT Will Take Back ANY Manufacturers worn out
  cellular phone at any BT Shop
• For either disassembly, re-use, plastic
  recycling, precious metal recover, or granulation
  and smelting

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Interface http//216.1.140.49/us/

• One of Worlds Leading Carpet Makers
• Offers an innovative floor covering lease where
  customers do not own carpeting but rather lease
  it. Interface provides clean, maintained and new
  looking floor covering for a fixed annual lease.
  They recycle the fibres from worn out stock and
  keep the customer happy with a great looking
  floor.

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Other Case Studies - WBCSD

• http//www.wbcsd.ch/eedata/eecsindx.htm
• another 21 companies such as
• Xerox, Bristol Meyers Squibb, Electrolux and SC
  Johnson Wax

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Dow-Jones Sustainability Index

• to quantify the sustainability performance of an
  enterprise by focusing on a company's pursuit of
  sustainability opportunities
• meeting market demand for sustainable products
  and services
• the reduction, ideally avoidance, of
  sustainability risks and costs
• This assessment is in line with the five
  corporate sustainability principles -
• innovative technology
• corporate governance
• shareholder relations
• industrial leadership
• social well being
• that are focused on the integration of economic,
  ecological and social factors into business
  strategies.

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What Does it all Mean to Design Engineers?

• Keep on top of Sustainability dialogue
• Greater volatility in material and energy prices
  and supplies
• Compounded by more volatile weather
• Growth in Environmental Reporting and Indices
  (35 of top 250 report now)
• Strategic Opportunity for Early Movers

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Become Proactive in Your Future

• Policy changes toward sustainability
• Growth is not beneficial, development is.
• Carbon Tax/Credit system likely
• Biofuels Renewable development
• Population stabilization, efficient resource use,
  minimize nonrenewable depletion, prevent soil
  depletion, slow all exponentials

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WebQuest 1 - Teams

• Hectors Team Bigger, Better Building
  Consultants
• Marks, Brown, Hazel, MacBride
• Amys Team Bang, Bang Construction Consultants
• Balut, McDevitt, Minaeff, Morgan
• Rameshs Team Let Us Level With U Bldg.
  Consultants
• Stanek, Schwabe, Sanford, Ondusko, Oliver
• Ravis Team Construction by Destruction
  Consultants
• Sherwood, Odgers, Watson, Tomkiewicz
• http//www.rst2.edu/njheps/ Meadowlands Quest

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Homework Assignment 3

• On Class website for Next Week
• Read Ch 1-3 answer HW problems
• Team Work Assignments for WebQuest

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Historic Energy Use
266.8
89.3
30.2
13..9
5.8
2.3
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Forms of Energy

• Chemical
• Heat
• Mass
• Kinetic
• Potential
• Electric
• Electromagnetic Induction
• Electromagnetic Radiation
• Electrostatic Potential

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What is Power?
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Units of Energy

• Joule (Newton-meter) Power Watt (1 J/sec)
• Watt-hour ( 3,600 J)
• British Thermal Unit (Btu) (1055 J)
• Calorie ( 4.184 J)
• Foot-pound ( 1.36 J)
• Electron-volt ( 1.6x10-19 J)
• kWh 3413 Btu

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HW 3 ch. 1, Q/A problem 11

• Windmill produces 1400 watts
• Heats water at 100 efficiency
• How long to raise 40 gallons 50o F?
• Definition of Btu?

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Key Terms

• Principle of Conservation of Energy (1847)
• Total energy in an isolated region cannot change
• Energy Transformation
• Changing energy from one form to another
• Renewable Energy
• Solar, geothermal and tidal energy
• Nonrenewable Energy
• Fossil and nuclear energy (some geothermal)
• Energy Efficiency
• Ratio of output energy to input energy
• Energy Conservation
• Using less energy to perform a given task

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Todays Energy Mix
Fossil Fuels represent 85 of Total
39.7
22.7
22.2
6.6
7.1
0.7
SOURCE EIA 1999 World Energy Use
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Energy Transformation
Fossil Fuel Type Chemical Reactions By-
Products   Natural Gas CH4 2O2 --gt CO2
2(H2O) CO2 , CO, water, hydrocarbons 85
MethaneCH4 and heat exothermic reaction
15 EthaneC2H6   Bottled Gas 2C3H8 9O2
--gt 4CO2 2CO CO2 ,CO, water,
hydrocarbons Propane C3H8 8(H2O) and heat
exothermic reaction Butane C4H10   Petroleum
C8H18 12O2 --gt 7CO2 CO CO2 ,CO,
water, hydrocarbons Gasoline 9(H2O) and
heat exothermic reaction PentaneC5H12 Hexane
C6H14 HeptaneC7H16 Octane C8H18   Coal C
O2 --gt CO2 CO CO2 ,CO, SO2 , NO2, water,
contains carbon plus S O2 --gt SO2 plus
SOx hydrocarbons, SOx, NOx impurities N O2
--gt NO2 plus NO, NO3, NOx particulates,
etc. and heat exothermic reaction SOURCE
Ramage 1997
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Energy Transformation

• Natural Gas
• 1 kg yields 55 MJ of heat (15 kWh)
• Hydrogen
• 1 kg yields 37 kWh
• Petroleum
• 1 kg yields 12 kWh
• Coal
• 1 kg yields 7.2 kWh
• Wood
• 1 kg yields 4.2 kWh

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Energy Efficiency
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HW 3, ch. 3, Q/A problem 4

• New Invention Flame 150o C
• Heat Discharge at 20o C
• Efficiency of 45
• Is his claim valid?

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Energy Transformation Technologies
Energy Source Fuel Type Technologies in
Use   Fossil Fuels Natural Gas Heaters,
Furnaces, Boilers, etc Petroleum Heaters,
Furnaces, Boilers, etc. Coal Heaters,
Furnaces, Boilers, etc. Shale Oil Processing
facility yields petroleum Tar
Sands Processing facility yields
petroleum Nuclear Fission Uranium PWR
creates steam / electricity BWR creates
steam / electricity Plutonium Breeder
technology - LMFBR   Nuclear Fusion Hydrogen
No Technology Exists as of Yet  
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Energy Transformation Technologies
Energy Source Fuel Type Technologies in
Use   Solar Solar Thermal Passive Active
Water Htg. Systems Passive Active Space
Htg. Systems Power Tower/Parabolic Dishes /
Troughs Photovoltaic Amorphous
Cells Crystalline Cells single, multi,
etc. Biomass Wood, Seaweed, algae,
etc. Agricultural Crops alcohol, waste,
etc. Municipal Solid Waste paper
primarily Hydroelectric Reservoirs, dams,
water wheels, generators, pumped
storage Wind Power Wind Mills, Sailing,
Turbines VA/HA Ocean Waves Pilot Systems -
Compressor/Generator Ocean Thermal OTEC Design
1930, 1975  
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Energy Transformation Technologies
Energy Source Fuel Type Technologies in
Use   Geothermal Geopressured Heaters,
Turbine/generators Hot Dry Rock
formations Heaters, Turbine/generators Hot
Water Res. Water and Space Htg.
Systems Normal Grad. Res. Heaters,
Turbine/generators Natural Steam Heaters,
Turbine/generators Molten Magma No Technology
Exists as of Yet Normal Ground Gradient GS/GC
Heat Pump Systems   Tidal Potential Energy of
Reservoirs, dams, generators Earth-Moon-Sun
gravity  
SOURCE Jansson 1997
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Heat Engines BEGIN HERE

• Devices that convert heat energy into mechanical
  energy
• History
• Steam Engine
• Savery 1698 (lt1 efficient)
• Newcomen 1705 (1 efficient)
• Watt 1770 (separate condenser 2 efficient)
• Steam Turbine (Parsons 1880 10 efficient)

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Heat Engine Efficiencies

• Modern Steam Turbines (30 efficient)
• Gasoline Engines (max. 20 efficient)
• Diesel engine (max. 30 efficient)
• Gas Turbines (20-30 efficient)
• Heat Pumps (C.O.P. of 2-12)
• Cogeneration Systems (gt70 efficient)

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Fossil Fuel Lifetimes

• Fossil Fuel Type Proven Reserves Est.
  Remaining Lifetime
•  
• Oil
• Global 999 x 109 bbl 40 years
• U.S. 72 x 109 bbl 16 years
• Natural Gas
• Global 5185 x 1012 ft3 60 years
• U.S. 600 x 1012 ft3 20 years
•  
• Coal
• Global 7.64 x 1012 tonne 200 years
• U.S. 1.5 x 1012 tonne 86 years, 66 years
•  
• SOURCE Jansson 1997

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U.S. Energy Use by Sector
9.4
35.6
28.4
26.7
SOURCE Ristinen and Kraushaar 1999
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Electricity Technologies

• Faraday Generators (gt1.2 Trillion)
• Photovoltaics (1.1 Billion)
• Thermoelectrics ( 500 Million)
• Fuel Cells ( 200 Million)
• Piezoelectrics (lt 20 Million)
• Magnetohydrodynamics

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History of Electricity

• 1831 Michael Faradays Electromagnetic Induction
  Experiment

switch
Soft iron ring
battery
N
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First Evolution DC Generator
Faraday 1831
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Second Evolution AC Generator
Pixii 1832
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AC Generator Output
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Lenz Law

• When an emf is generated by a change in magnetic
  flux according to Faraday's Law, the polarity of
  the induced emf is such that it produces a
  current whose magnetic field opposes the change
  which produces it. The induced magnetic field
  inside any loop of wire always acts to keep the
  magnetic flux in the loop constant. In the
  examples below, if the B field is increasing, the
  induced field acts in opposition to it. If it is
  decreasing, the induced field acts in the
  direction of the applied field to try to keep it
  constant.

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Lenz Law
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Steam Electric Power Plant
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Historic Electricity Use
266.8
89.3
30.2
13..9
5.8
2.3
46
Todays Electricity Mix
Fossil Fuels represent 63 of Total
18.8
16.9
1.5
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All the sources.
DEVICES
ENERGY SOURCE
User
Mechanical power in environment
Turbine Generator
Electromagnetic Induction
Ions
Piezo- Electric
Solar Power
Fossil and Biomass Fuel
Electrical power
Ions
Electro chemical cells
Chemical Energy
Electromagnetic Induction
Heat engine
Gas kinetic energy
MHD
Ion kinetic energy
HEAT
EHD
Free electrons
Thermoionic converter
Thermo electric generator
Semiconductor electrons / holes
Radiation
Infrared photovoltaics
Nuclear, Hydrogen, other thermal
Visible photo voltaics
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Overview of Heat Pumps

• Prime Purpose Move Heat
• Types
• Air to Air
• Water to Air
• Earth to Air
• Water to Water
• COP Energy Moved / Energy Consumed

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Heat Pump - Cooling Mode
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Heat Pump - Heating Mode
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Overview of Sustainable Power

• Nothing is truly sustainable indefinitely
• We actually speak of a technology being
  sustainable in relative terms (many
  centuries, compared to)
• Which power and energy technologies are more
  sustainable (or less) than others?

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Wind Power

• Sustainable
• Potentially Sustainable
• Not Sustainable

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Nuclear Fission Power (U238)

• Sustainable
• Potentially Sustainable
• Not Sustainable

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Coal

• Sustainable
• Potentially Sustainable
• Not Sustainable

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Hydroelectric Power

• Sustainable
• Potentially Sustainable
• Not Sustainable

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Thermoelectric Power

• Sustainable
• Potentially Sustainable
• Not Sustainable

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Photovoltaics

• Sustainable
• Potentially Sustainable
• Not Sustainable

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All Known Sources of Electricity
DEVICES
ENERGY SOURCE
User
Mechanical power in environment
Turbine Generator
Electromagnetic Induction
Piezo- Electric
Solar Power
Ions
Fossil and Biomass Fuel
Electrical power
Electro chemical cells
Ions
Chemical Energy
Heat engine
Electromagnetic Induction
Gas kinetic energy
MHD
HEAT
Ion kinetic energy
EHD
Thermoionic converter
Free electrons
Thermo electric generator
Semiconductor electrons / holes
Infrared photovoltaics
Nuclear, Hydrogen, other thermal
Radiation
Visible photo voltaics