Introduction to Motivation and Emotion

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Introduction to Motivation and Emotion

• Chapter 1.

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Course Information

• Course PSY 418
• Instructor Dr. Steven I. Dworkin
• Email dworkins_at_uncw.edu
• Office SBS 105 F
• Office Hours Friday 1030-1200 or by
  Appointment
• Home Page http//people.uncw.edu/dworkins/sid.htm
  
• Office Phone UNCW 910-962-7378
• Duke 919-681-4828

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Motivation

• What is motivation?
• Why are you here in this classroom
• Why are you enrolled in this course?
• Why are you attending UNCW?
• Why are we here?????

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Conceptualizing and Measuring Motivation

• Concept of Motivation
• Forces acting on or within an organism to
  initiate and direct behavior
• Strength - Intensity
• Persistence Resistance to Change

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Measurement of Motivation

• Motivation is inferred from behavior
• An intervening variable
• Links a stimulus and response
• Can have more than one value
• Can be influenced by a number of different
  manipulations

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Characteristics of Motivation

• Activation? production of behavior
• Persistence? alternatives
• Direction? directionality

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Categories of Analysis

• Nomothetic-----------Idiographic
• Innate------------------Acquired
• Internal (needs)-------External (goals)
• Mechanistic------------Cognitive

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Levels of Analysis

• Physiological Analysis
• Individual Analysis
• Social Analysis
• Philosophical Analysis

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Activation of Motivation

• Survival (Darwin)
• Homeostasis set point
• Hedonism pain and pleasure
• Growth test and improve our capacities

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Philosophical Antecedents

• Aristotle
• Sole is free, mind is blank
• Descartes
• Dualism (sole or will and instinct)
• Locke
• Sensation? Perception
• Reflection

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Motivation

• Why are you here?
• Define motivation?
• Difference between motives and incentives?
• Different sources of motivation?
• Is motivation reflected in behavior
• What is emotion?
• What is the purpose of emotion?

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I. Meaning of Motivation

• A. To be Moved into Action
• Motivated to be moved to behavior.
• Motive internal disposition to be moved.
• Incentive environmental stimulus that induces
  behavior.
• 1. Involuntary versus Voluntary Behavior
• Involuntary behavior depends on a stimulus for
  its occurrence.
• Voluntary behavior occurs independent of
  environmental stimulus.
• 2. Energy for Behavior
• Potential energy is stored in the body in order
  to energize behavior.
• Kinetic energy is released energy that powers
  behavior.
• 3. An Analogy for Motivation
• Drawn bow motive and potential energy.
• Target incentive for archer to shoot arrow.

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I. Meaning of Motivation

• B. Knowledge, Competence, and Motivation
• Knowledge how to perform behavior.
• Competence capable of doing the behavior.
• Motivation impetus or reason for behavior.

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I. Meaning of Motivation

• C. Determinism versus Free Will and Free Act
• 1. Free Acts versus Determined Acts
• Free act behavior occurs independent of motive.
• Determined act motive caused the behavior.
• 2. Free Will versus Determined Will
• Free will freely select your wants or motives.
• Determined will your wants or motives result
  from past history.
• 3. Motivation for a Hunger Strike
• IRA members chose to go without food in order to
  achieve goal of political prisoner status.

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Decision Time
0
1. Stay in course
2. Acquire required book
3. Read the chapter
4. Participate in class
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II. Sources of Motivation

• A. Internal Sources of Motivation
• Source origin of stimuli or events that motivate
  behavior.
• 1. Evolutionary History
• Millions of years of natural/sexual selection
  shape human nature.
• 2. Personal History
• Person's individual experiences since birth.
• Law of hedonic contrast degree of pleasantness
  of a stimulus depends on its comparison with
  prior similar stimuli.
• 3. Physiological and Neurological Counterpart
• Reductionism findings in one science related to
  principles in a more basic science.
• 4. Psychological variables
• Psychological needs and personality traits.

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II. Sources of Motivation

• B. Environmental Origins of Motivation
• Incentives and goals
• C. Interaction between Internal and Environmental
  Origins
• Internal sources (e.g., hunger, curiosity)
  interact with external sources (e.g., food, novel
  stimuli) to motivate behavior.
• D. Motivation Sequence
• Choice select motive to satisfy or incentive to
  attain.
• Instrumental behavior satisfies the motive or
  attains the incentive.
• Consummatory behavior end of sequence interact
  with incentive, achieve satisfaction.

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Progress Diagram
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Choice
Instrumental Behavior
Consequence
Properties of goal Consummatory
Behavior Subjective Feelings
Duration, frequency, intensity
Selection of Motive or Incentive
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II. Sources of Motivation

• E. Emotions
• To "move out" a readiness to act consistent with
  emotion.

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III. Study of Motivation and Emotion

• Research problem dictates experimental or
  correlational research.
• A. Research in Motivation
• 1. Experimental versus Correlational Research
• Experimental variable values are determined by
  researcher.
• Correlational variable values are selected by
  the researcher.
• Dependent variable behavior depends on above
  variables.

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III. Study of Motivation and Emotion

• 2. Feasibility and Ethics
• Feasibility and ethics determine type of
  research.
• 3. Research in a Natural Setting
• Investigate severe conditions, e.g., voluntary
  starvation.

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III. Study of Motivation and Emotion

• B. Research in Emotion
• Mood induction techniques, music, and movies.
• Negative and positive emotions to September 11th
  terrorist attack.
• C. Sources and Scope of Motivation
• Biological, psychological, environmental,
  cognitive, and emotions are all variables that
  contribute to motivation.

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experimenter reads the following instructions

• I am going to pick one of you at random to be
  the proposer and the other to be the responder.
  To the proposer, I will give 100 imaginary
  dollars but please try to imagine them as real.
  Proposer, it is your job to divide the dollars
  between you and this other person. You may divide
  the dollars in any way you wish. For example, 80
  dollars for you and 20 for the responder, 50
  dollars for you and 50 dollars for the responder,
  or 90 dollars for you and 10 dollars for the
  responder. After the proposer has made his/her
  proposal, the responder must decide if she or he
  is willing to accept the division of dollars. If
  the responder accepts, then the 100 dollars will
  be divided between you as proposed. However, if
  the responder rejects the proposal, then neither
  one of you gets any money. There isto be no
  discussion, bartering, negotiating, or any verbal
  communication whatsoever between you. The
  proposer makes one offer and the Responder
  accepts or rejects it...period. Remember, if the
  responder accepts, the money is split. If the
  Responder rejects, then neither of you receives
  any money. Please try hard to pretend that this
  experiment involves actual real dollars. Any
  questions?

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• The proposer writes his/her offer on a sheet of
  paper and hands it to the responder, who then
  writes his/her reply.
• Proposers offer _____ dollars for me _____
  dollars for you. (must sum to 100 dollars)
• Responders decision accept_____ reject_____
• Results Tally the results for the class and
  record the results in table like the one below.

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(No Transcript)
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Ultimatum Game

• Purpose To investigate how various sources of
  motivation affect decision-making.
• Materials The demonstration involves the use of
  one hundred imaginary dollars although
  otheramounts could be employed.
• Procedure Students group into threes proposer,
  responder, and experimenter.

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• Purpose The purpose of this thought experiment
  is to discover how much control individuals have
  over their motives (their will) and over their
  acts (behaviors).
• Procedure Pose the following questions and
  discuss the answers in class.
• Let us assume that you really like chocolate.
  Which do you like more a piece of celery or a
  piece of delicious chocolate? Do you have free
  will, i.e., freely acquire this liking for
  chocolate? Do you have a determined will, i.e.,
  your liking for chocolate resulted from prior
  experience or from an innate preference? Could
  you rid your self of your will, i.e., of your
  liking for chocolate? If so how?
• What would you eat celery or chocolate? Was
  eating determined by your liking? A "yes implies
  determined act. The feeling that you could have
  done otherwise implies free act. But is the
  feeling "I could have done otherwise" really free
  or is it determined by some alternative motive?

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Chapter Check

• 1. Compare and contrast the definition of
  motivation and of emotion.
• 2. Must internal sources and external sources be
  complementary in order for motivation to occur?
  For example, is it possible to motivate a person
  with food if she is not hungry or with food she
  does not like? Is it possible to motivate a
  student with a grade of A, if a student does not
  value a grade of A any more than a C?
• 3. In what type of social settings might an
  individual observe the following emotions
  happiness, sadness, fear, anger, and disgust?