E-Waste

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Is this my future world ???
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The flourishing business !!!
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Lets make this a cleaner world to live in
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E-waste Definition

• Are those electronic equipments/ products
  that connect with power plug, batteries which
  have become obsolete due to
• - advancement in technology
• - changes in fashion, style and status
• - nearing the end of their useful life

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Classification types of e-waste

• Mobile Phones
• Computers
• Servers
• Telecom
• TV
• Calculators
• Audio
• Scanners
• Printers
• Air Conditioner
• Microwave

• Washing Machine
• Cartridges
• Military electronic
• Mother board
• Alarm
• Sirens
• Automobile Catalytic Converter
• Sensor
• CD
• Security Device

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Quick Facts

• 1200 tons of scrap / yr , Only 11 of e-waste
  get recycled
• India's hospitals to see patients with 10 times
  the expected level of lead in their blood
• In India, a water sample revealed levels of lead
  190 times as high as the drinking water standard
  set by the World Health Organization.

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• Old computers and, mobiles are being dumped in
  Asia where they are releasing toxic materials
  into the environment.
• A pile of 500 computers contains 717kg of lead,
  1.36kg of cadmium, 863 grams of chromium and 287
  grams of mercury all poisonous metals.
• CRT tubes contain avg of 4 pounds of lead
• Thousands of children throughout the India are
  attending schools that were built on or near
  toxic waste sites, with increased risk of
  developing asthma, cancer, learning disorders and
  other diseases linked to environmental
  pollutants.

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E-waste everywhere !!!
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Present Scenario

• Every house having electronic equipments
• Business necessity
• More than 40-50 million tons e-waste worldwide /
  year
• Asia-estimate of 12 million tons/ year
• 50-80 e-waste collected in US and other
  developed countries exported to third world
  countries
• E-waste is still the fastest growing municipal
  waste

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• 2005- 2.6 m tons in India of which 12.6 recycled
• Growth 30 / yr
• 20 to 24 million computers and televisions are
  added to storage each year
• 400 m units to be scrapped by end of decade
• 8 of municipal waste in EU and 2-5 in US
• 1-20 kg per person/p.a and growing at 3 times
  faster than the municipal waste.

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These are 500 times more poisonous gases than
pollution from other means
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My means of livelihood ???But your death
sentence
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• 20 million electronic household appliances
  including TV, washing machines, PCs etc) and 70
  million cell phones reach end-of-life every year
• About 70 of the heavy metals (mercury and
  cadmium) and 40 lead, in landfills in India come
  from e-waste
• 22 of the yearly world consumption of mercury is
  used in electronics manufacture

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• Informal recyclers more in number
• More of acid content flow into the land
  contaminating the soil and land value.
• About 70 percent, of heavy metals in India
  landfills comes from E-Waste.
• One of the most threatening substances is lead,
  of which only 5 percent is recycled in India.
• 315 million computers became obsolete in US by
  2004
• 315 million X 4 1.2 billion pounds of
  lead

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• 312,000 pounds of lead from more than 500 million
  stockpiled mobile phones in the India
• China and India - 178 million 80 million new
  computers, out of the global total of an
  estimated 716 million new computer users by 2010.
• B/n 2000 - 2004,
• i) The number of fixed line telephones in
• India doubled.
• ii) Mobile phones - use rose from 35,000 to
  9.2 million,
• an increase by a factor of about 260.
• iii) Internet - users rose from 107,000 to
  1.8 million.

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Mobile phones

• Worlds 80 population live in areas of cell
  phone reception
• Over one billion cell phones sold worldwide in
  2006
• Discarded mobiles by Americans 150 million
  phones i.e., 40000 phones / day
• 150 million phones consume energy that would
  power 250000 homes / yr.
• Produce 258 million kgs of carbon.
• 2 recycled

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Poison Capsules !!!
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• Indians upgrade or exchange their cell phones
  every 18 months, meaning there are approximately
  16 million unused mobile phones stashed away at
  home or in the office
• Average working life of a mobile phone is 7 years
  but worldwide the average consumer changes their
  mobile every 11 months
• Indians purchased 40 million mobile phones in
  past 5 years including 9.28 million in 2007

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• Over one billion mobile phone handsets were
  currently in use around the world till 2006
• In 2006, it was estimated that each year 130
  million mobile phones in the US and 105 million
  mobile phones in Europe will be thrown away
• 700 million obsolete phones discarded in 2005
  contained an estimated 560,000 kg of lead in the
  form of solder

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Before
After
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Scenario

• Batteries have toxic constituents such as cadmium
  and brominated flame-retardants and are replaced
  at least once before retiring the phones.
• Indian mobile phone users are expected to rise to
  over 120 million by 2008, making telecom sector
  one of the most lucrative markets.
• In the United States alone, experts estimate that
  130 million cell phones will be discarded by the
  year 2005, resulting in 65,000 tonnes of cell
  phone waste -- most probably headed towards
  Indian shores to be dumped here.

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Before
After
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The Indian picture

• India, one of the fastest growing mobile
  telephone markets in the world
• Boasted over 14.17 million mobile phone
  subscribers in May 2003
• About 102.8 per cent more than the previous year.

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• Mobile phone users are expected to rise to over
  120 million by 2008
• The advent of use and throw , low value-low
  life CHINA MOBILES has caused havoc in e-waste.

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Is this what we leave for next generation ???
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• Others
• i) 5-6 retired instruments in every office
  cabinet.
• ii) United States alone, experts estimate that
  130 million cell phones will be discarded by the
  year 2005, resulting in 65,000 tons of cell phone
  waste

• India
• i) Indians will not junk their mobiles, but
  pass them on to a new low-end user who will, in
  turn, junk them in the flea market from where the
  instruments make their way to the Kabadiwallas.

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Mobile batteries

• Mobile phone BATTERIES are also a threat. They
  wear out faster than the phone, giving cellular
  telephone companies more business opportunities!
• A typical NiMH battery has a life of 350 to 400
  charging cycles, however short or long the
  recharging time.

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Future

• UN By 2008 the number of cell phone users
  around the world is projected to reach some 2
  billion
• India - the number of cell phone subscribers
  increased from 340,000 in 1985 to 180 million in
  2004.
• Worldwide, cell phone sales have increased from
  slightly more than 100 million units per year in
  1997 to an estimated 779 million units per year
  in 2005.
• Cell phone sales are projected to exceed 1
  billion units per year in 2009, with an estimated
  2.6 billion cell phones in use by the end of that
  year

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Is India graveyard for e-waste ???
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Composition of chemicals

• The composition of toxic chemicals in an average
  computer of 31.5 kg

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Sales Growth

• PC sales -1.4 million in 1999-00 to 5.4 million
  units in 2006-07 and expected 14 in 2008
• laptop sales - 44,000 units in 2001-02 to 850,000
  units in 2006-07, with the last year growth of
  97

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• The market for consumer durables is also
  exhibiting highly accelerated growth rate of
  approximately 10-15 over last two years
• Telephone industry - witnessed a phenomenal
  growth in the recent past and the sector today
  has 75 million cell phone users, which is likely
  to grow to 200 million by the year 2007

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Reasons for growth

• Globalization
• high obsolescence rate
• Inability of technology to support up-gradation
• Less costly components used in the electronic
  equipments
• Low cost of products
• Purchasing power increase

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Why exported to India ???

• Cheap labour
• US - 30/ computer
• India - 2/ computer
• Saving - 28/ computer
• Weak environmental laws
• Excess dumping of CRT tubes due to the ramp walk
  of flat screen monitors
• Driven by the potential for corporate profits

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E waste Main sources

• Government
• Public
• Private (Industrial) discards
• Illegal imports
• e-waste generated in 2007
• Government-126
• Households - 15

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Indian Scenario

• Delhi, Bangalore, Hyderabad-largest contributors
• Informal recylers (cheap labour)
• Technology rudimentary
• 7 million ppl in Bangalore direct contributors
  of e-waste
• Dioxins in the recyling place
• Lead to cancer
• 330000 tonnes generated in 2007
• 19000 processed

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http//india.ewasteguide.info/Initial
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Poison factory
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Scrapor Poison ?
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Playground or graveyard !!!
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Growth towards disaster
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Hazardous process

• Incineration - process of destroying waste
  through burning. Because of the variety of
  substances found in e-waste, incineration is
  associated with a major risk of generating and
  dispersing contaminants and toxic substances. The
  gases released during the burning and the residue
  ash is often toxic and this happens as there is
  no prior treatment nor sophisticated flue gas
  purification. Studies have shown that copper,
  which is present in printed circuit boards and
  cables, acts a catalyst for dioxin formation when
  flame-retardants are incinerated. These
  brominated flame retardants when exposed to low
  temperature (600-800C) can lead to the
  generation of extremely toxic polybrominated
  dioxins (PBDDs) and furans (PBDFs). PVC, which
  can be found in e-waste in significant amounts,
  is highly corrosive when burnt and also induces
  the formation of dioxins.Incineration also leads
  to the loss valuable of trace elements which
  could have been recovered had they been sorted
  and processed separately.

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Open air burning

• - open fires burn at relatively low
  temperatures, release more pollutants.
• - Chronic exposure to open fire emissions may
  lead to diseases such as emphysema and cancer.

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• - Inhalation of open fire emissions can
  trigger asthma attacks, respiratory infections,
  and cause other problems such as coughing,
  wheezing, chest pain, and eye irritation.
• - example burning PVC releases hydrogen
  chloride, which on inhalation mixes with water in
  the lungs to form hydrochloric acid.
• - This can lead to corrosion of the lung
  tissues, and several respiratory complications.
• - Often open fires burn with a lack of
  oxygen, forming carbon monoxide, which poisons
  the blood when inhaled.
• - The residual particulate matter in the form
  of ash is prone to fly around in the vicinity and
  can also be dangerous when inhaled.

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The poisonous gases !!!
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Waste Near Water
Lead to water !!!
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Drinking water or scrap yard !!!
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Burning or Inhaling ?
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Growth of e-waste !!!
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Health impact

• Reproduction damage to both male and female
  reproductive systems, including interfering with
  development of the testes reduction in semen
  production and quality abnormal morphology of
  sperm low egg hatchability and reduced
  fertility rates.
• DNA damage in lymphocytes, fetal and
  developmental toxicity growth retardation
  abnormal brain development, which can result in
  intellectual impairment and possible long-term
  impacts on memory, learning and behaviour.
• Nervous System damage to the central nervous
  system (CNS) and blood system, including CNS
  depression and neurotoxicity immune system
  suppression, including inhibition of a key blood
  cell enzyme.

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• Organs damage to the brain, including swelling
  liver, including liver necrosis kidney,
  including renal toxicity thyroid pancreas
  lymph nodes spleen and bone, including bone
  toxicity.
• Skin contact dermatitis skin lesions
  carcinogenic, including tumour promotion and lung
  cancer anaemia CBD (a currently-incurable,
  debilitating disease that can sometimes be
  fatal) and mortality.
• Hormonal System disruption to endocrine
  systems including the oestrogen, androgen,
  thyroid hormone, retinoid and corticosteroid
  systems inhibition of human androgen hormone
  reception and ability to mimic natural oestrogen
  hormones, leading to altered sexual development
  in some organisms.
• Other hypertension (high blood pressure)
  cardiovascular and heart disease respiratory
  tract irritation, including irritation of the
  nose, mouth and eyes.

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Is this my world !!!
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Unscientific burning !!!
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Please !!!
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Growth of the trade
Colourful poison !!!
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Effect of the trade

• 330000 tons generated in 2007, of which 150000
  tons in India
• Jun 05, 2008- half ton e-waste generated in
  Mumbai
• Sep 24, 2007- 10000 tonnes in delhi, with 25000
  workers including children
• Indian hospitals are treating patients who have
  10 times the normal level of lead in their blood

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• Microsoft's new operating system launched in
  January -- Windows Vista -- will make many older
  machines obsolete and create a "tsunami of
  e-waste" exported to developing nations,
  according to Jim Puckett, coordinator for the
  Basel Action Network.

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• What Next ???

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Future !!!

• India emerging as a graveyard for the worlds
  e-waste
• More amount of money to be spent on medical bills
  if proper attention and care not given importance
• Less availability of space as playgrounds for
  children and the presence of more number of
  dumping grounds

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Recommendations

• Promote recycling units to ease process and to
  encourage generators to have proper e-waste
  disposal
• Impart training to generators on e-waste handling
• Awareness program on recycling

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• Fix duties and responsibilities to recyclers
• Tax incentives for scrap dealers
• Reward and reprimand schemes for performance and
  non-compliance of e-waste management
• To make recycling business viable one

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• Government should encroach legal import of
  e-waste
• Should subsidize recyling and disposal industry
• Incentive schemes for garbage collectors, general
  public
• Disposal fee from manufacturers and consumers

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Come join hands in building a healthier earth
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• We need your help and support in our strive to
  make Mother Earth Cleaner, Safer and Greener for
  the future generations to breathe fresh air

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My dream Clean and green world
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• Thank You

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