The Water Cycle, Rivers, and Streams

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The Water Cycle, Rivers, and Streams
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A couple of key words for the water cycle..

• Evaporation- process by which water turns into
  water vapor (liquid to gas by heat)
• Transpiration- process by which plants deliver
  water vapor to the air
• Evaporation transpiration evapotranspiration
• Condensation- when water vapor cools and
  condenses and turns back into liquid
• Precipitation- rain, snow, sleet, hail

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The Water Budget

• About 86 of water vapor comes from the ocean.
  About 14 of water vapor comes from streams,
  lakes, and soil.
• About 75 of all precipitation falls into the
  ocean. About 25 falls on the land surface and
  becomes runoff or ground water.
• When evapotranspiration runoff lt precipitation
  you get flooding
• When evapotranspiration runoff gt precipitation
  you need irrigation

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Over 90 of water used by cities and industry is
returned as wastewater
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The Salton Sea
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River Systems
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Nile River
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Parts of a river

• Main stream
• Tributaries
• Drainage basin

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River Mechanics

• Stream load materials transported by a stream
• Suspended load- water is moving enough to keep
  sediment like sand and silt suspended not
  sinking to the stream bed
• Saltation- sediment transported by sliding,
  rolling, and jumping

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Suspension, Saltation, and Creep
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Discharge and Gradient

• Discharge the volume of water moved by a stream
  in a given amount of time
• Gradient slope of a stream, the velocity of a
  stream is dependant upon its gradient
• The higher gradient, the higher the velocity
  greater weathering and erosion

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Water and Wind Gaps

• pretty much water falls or the end of rivers of
  land
• Due to uplift from faulting

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Stream Deposition

• Deltas- fan shaped deposit at the end of a river
  or stream
• Alluvial fans- fan-shaped deposit at the end of
  canyons typically

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