Major Themes

1
Major Themes Concepts in Physiology
2
Levels of Organization
pg. 2

• Physiology
• physio nature, Gr. (to study the nature of)
• Teleological approach explains why it needs to
  be done
• Mechanistic approach explains how it does that
  job
• Organization of life
• How might cells differ in unicellular and
  multicellular organisms?
• Describe the 4 basic human tissue types.

Figure 1-1 Levels of organization and the
related fields of study
3
Overview Cells to Organ Systems
Figure 3-4d, e Anatomy Summary Levels of
OrganizationSystem to Cell
4
Overview Cells to Organ Systems
Figure 3-4a-c Anatomy Summary Levels of
OrganizationSystem to Cell
5
Characteristics of Life

• Living things
• are composed of a single cell or group of cells,
• are at least chemical and physical machines,
• What type of bond is characteristic of most
  molecules in living systems?
• reproduce themselves,
• occur in groups of like individuals (a species)
  that may evolve and adapt to gradual changes in
  the external environment,
• respond to short term changes in the environment
  in order to maintain internal conditions within
  tolerable limits. This is called
  _____________

6
Molecules and Compounds
pg. 26

• Bonds capture energy
• Bonds link atoms
• Molecules
• Chemical formula

Figure 2-7b Chemical structures and formulas of
some biological molecules
7
Types of Chemical Bonds
pg. 23-26

• Covalent bonds
• Common in biological systems
• a pair of electrons is shared b/w atoms
• Ionic Bonds
• Transfer an electron b/w atoms
• Opposite charges attract
• Name some important ions in the body.

Figure 2-9a Ions and ionic bonds
8
Types of Chemical Bonds
p. 25

• Hydrogen bonds
• Weak partial bonds
• Cohesion b/w water molecules
• What kind of bonds hold the atoms together in a
  water molecule?
• Why are water molecules polar?
• Describe the role of hydrogen bonds in the
  structure and function of proteins.

Figure 10a Hydrogen bonds of water
9
Hydrogen Bonds (contd)
pg. 25
Why does water coat some surfaces (e.g. serous
membrane), but is repelled by other surfaces (as
shown in figure b). What other characteristics of
water are attributed to hydrogen bonding?
10
Solutions Water is the Physiological Solvent in
Biological systems
pg. 35

• Solutes dissolve in liquids
• Solvents dissolve solutes
• Solution solute dissolved in solvent
• Solubility , ease of dissolving
• Hydrophobic
• Hydrophilic

Figure 2-11 Sodium chloride dissolves in water
11
Hydrogen Ion Concentration (pH) in Biological
systems
pg. 37

• Acid - contributes H to solutionCO2 H2O ltgt
  H2CO3 ltgt H HCO3-
• Base - decreases H in solutionNH3 H2O ltgt
  NH4 OH-
• Buffers reduce (minimize) the potential change in
  pH
• Name at least two acids produced as a result of
  normal metabolism.
• Name and describe the function of at least one
  buffer in body fluids.

12
Carbohydrate Biomolecules Carbon, Hydrogen
Oxygen
p.28
Figure 2-13-1 Carbohydrates
13
Carbohydrate Biomolecules Carbon, Hydrogen
Oxygen
p. 28
Figure 2-13-2 Carbohydrates
14
Lipids Mostly Carbon and Hydrogen little
Oxygen, sometimes Phosphorous
p. 29
Figure 2-14 Lipids and lipid-related molecules
15
Proteins Amino acid polymers
p. 30

• Explain how proteins may at times act as buffers.
• Differentiate between the primary, seconday,
  tertiary, and quarternary structures of a single
  protein, using the example of the hemoglobin
  molecule.

Figure 2-15 Amino acid structure
16
Combination Biomolecules

• Lipoproteins (blood transport molecules)
• Glycoproteins (membrane structure)
• Glycolipids (membrane receptors)

Figure 2-19 Chemistry summary
Which of the three biomolecules shown at top of
the figure is used most often for cellular
energy for structure for communication for
other purposes? Provide examples.
17
Nucleotides, DNA, and RNA
p. 33

• Name the enzyme that joins nucleotides together
  during DNA replication.
• Energy is provided to the reactions catalyzed by
  this enzyme by two extra phosphate bonds on each
  nucleotide.
• What would be the name of the molecule that has
  Adenine as its base?
• What else is this molecule used for, and how is
  it made in cells?

Figure 2-18 RNA and DNA
18
Evolution of Physiological Systems
pg. 4
What challenges do our terrestrial lifestyle and
large body create?

• Cell
• Fluid compartments
• The Multicellular Organism
• Protective cells
• Exchange cells
• Other cells?
• Internal vs. external environment

Which term in this figure is synonymous with
transport epithelium?
Figure 1-4 The internal and external environments
19
Major Themes in Physiology
pg. 8

• Homeostasis
• Compartmentalization
• Integration of Body Systems
• Intercellular Communication
• Membranes Cellular Transport
• Energy Transduction

20
Homeostasis Controls
p. 73

• Boundary Organ concept
• Maintenance of a dynamic equilibrium
• Negative Feedback control
• What are the elements of a negative feedback
  mechanism?
• Failure to compensate
• --gtPathophysiology
• Illness
• Death

21
Feedback Loops
pg. 195
Figure 6-26 Negative and positive feedback
Draw the homeostatic mechanism for
thermoregulation when body temperature is
approaching the lower limit of normal. Identify
the receptor, control center, and effector(s).
22
Feedback Loops

• Provide at least one additional example of a
  positive feedback mechanism.
• In addition to the direction of change, describe
  how the rate of change affects feedback
  mechanisms.

23
Feedforward Mechanisms
pg. 452
Figure 13.13 Feedforward reflex and feedback of
information during movement
Note that control of some functions may involve a
combination of mechanisms. Provide at least one
additional example of a feedforward mechanism.
24
Fluid Compartments
Distribution of solutes in the body fluid
compartments Notice that some materials are not
evenly distributed between the two compartments.
How? Why?
25
Integration of Body Functions
pg. 195
Which kind of control mechanism takes precedence
when both are active local or long-distance?
What form of long-distance control is not
represented in this figure?
Figure 6-22 Comparison of local and reflex
control
26
Basic Cell Structure
pg. 59

• Name the 4 structural characteristics shared by
  all cells.
• Explain how genes are inherited.
• Differentiate between the function of smooth and
  rough ER.
• What types of metabolic functions take place in
  the cytosol?
• Compare and contrast the function of fixed and
  free ribosomes.

Figure 3-11 A map for the study of cell structure
27
Intercellular Communication Transport
pg. 54
Compare and contrast the structure of the
plasmalemma and the membranes of other organelles
(e.g. mitochondria).
28
Energy TransductionGlycolysis

• Where do these reactions happen in the cell?
• What substrates may be used?
• Do these reactions require oxygen?
• What is the net production of ATP?

p. 105
29
Transition Reactions
p. 107
What must be present in order for this to occur?
Whats happening here?
30
Krebs (TCA or Citric Acid) cycle
p. 108
What are the roles of NAD and FAD? How are the
waste molecules of CO2 handled?
31
Oxidative Phosphorylation
p. 109
How are electrons delivered to the ETS? What
drives the movement of protons across the inner
membrane?