Title: Chapter Thirteen
1Chapter Thirteen
2Clayoquot sound
Coastal Temperate Rainforest
3Clayoquot Sound
- On vancouver island
- Contains 17 of remaining temerate rainforest
4 5Trees on truck
6Person with cut trees
7Alternative to Clear cutting
8Homeless bird
9Stakeholders
- Loggers
- Environmental groups
- Native Groups
- Tourism industry
10Overview with cuts
11Types
- Open Wood lands
- Closed Canopy
- Savannah
12Forest Resources
- Building Materials
- 50 of world depends on wood for cooking
- Heating Fuel
- Symbolic/Cultural Meaning
13Ecological Effects
- Erosion
- Habitat for Species
- Recreation - hunting, camping
- Role in Climate
- Carbon Sinks
14Commercial Forestry
US uses timber twice as fast as other
countries Largest Importer Second Exporter
15Sustainability
- Sustainable timber harvest
- Sustainable forest ecosystem
- Lower than MSY
- Methods include
- Coppicing
- Selective understory cutting
16Certification
- Intended to encourage well-managed forests
- Certified Products Carry a seal
- Results mainly in benefits for lumber producers
- Sustainability is hard to prove
17Deforestation
18Deforestation
- Been Happening since Greek/Roman Times
- Has happened in US
19Causes of Deforestation
- Most common reason - use or sell for lumber,
paper products, fuel. - Clearing For Agriculture
- Principal Cause in Brazil and Nepal
20Indirect Deforestation
- Death of trees due to pollution and disease
- Acid rain
- German forest death - Walsterben
- Causes could include acid rain, ozone,
pollutants - Possible effects of Global warming
21Possible effects of Global Warming
- Major changes in Temperature and Rainfall
- Species would not be able to grow in current
locations - Migration would require capability of dispersal,
beneficial soil conditions, lack of competing
species
22Silviculture
All trees began growth in same year At least
three different aged classes Never been cut (old
growth) Has been cut
- Even aged stands
- Uneven-aged stands
- Virgin forest
- Second growth
23Site Quality Depends on
- Soil Fertility
- Water Supply
- Local Climate
24Issues
- Genetically altered supertrees
- Disease management
- Insects such as Gypsy Moth (exotic)
- Effects of insects defoliation, eating buds,
destroying straight form, eating fruits, carrying
disease
25Tree diseases
26Ecosystem Approach to Management - Why
- Success of trees depends onsoils, climate,
competition, parasites/herbivores and community
effects - Necessary to biological diversity
27Ecosystem Approach to Management - How
- Use of concept of Succession
- Example - In Canadian Forests aspen, birch, pine
- all early succesional species - Contrast Oaks in Germany, maples in the US.
require long rotation time, high selectivity
28National Forest and Multiple Uses
- Timber
- Recreation
- Wildlife
- Water supply
29Multiple Use approaches
- Old Fashioned - Use all land for all uses
- New Fashioned (alternative approach)- Use each
part of land for what it is well suited for
30Clear Cutting
31Alternatives to Clear Cutting
- Selective Cutting - Individual trees marked and
cut - Strip Cutting - narrow rows of forest are cut
- Shelterwood cutting - cut dead and less desirable
trees first, results inalways having young trees - Seed tree cutting - leave a few ggod seed trees
32Example of Strip Cutting
- Advantages
- Uncut strips provide protection from wind and sun
- Minimize aesthetic effects
- Wildlife corridors
33Example of Strip Cutting
- Advantages
- Uncut strips provide protection from wind and sun
- Minimize aesthetic effects
- Wildlife corridors
34Effects of Clear Cutting
- Experiment in Hubbard Brook, New Hampshire
- Increased erosion/change in runoff
- Soil decay was rapid
- Increase in nitrates in soil
35Effects of Clear Cutting
- Experiment in Oregon, H.J Andrews experimental
area - Great increase in landslides
- Also effects chemical cycling through run off
36Other aspects of alternatives to clear cutting
- Shorter rotation times - can be as small as 10
years in wood pulp growth. Hard on soil, requires
fertilizer - Fire - Can be important in removing thick
undergrowth, slowing some disease, can increase
production of some desirable tree species
(reduces competition)
37Old Growth
- Not a clearly defined scientific term
- Douglas Fir and Coastal Redwood
- Respected for beauty and as habitat
- Can take 500-1000 yrs to recover from clear cut
- No legislation, therefore issues are reduced to
endangered species debates
38Plantation forestry
- Basically, tree farms in high yield sites
39Reforestation
- Planting seedlings where trees have been cut
40Community Forestry
- Used in areas where people depend directly on
wood for cooking and heat - Helps villagers develop woodlots
41Parks and preserves
- Remember parks are preserves but forests are
agriculture
42Goals of parks
- Preservationwonders and nature
- Wildlife conservation
- Aesthetics
- recreation
43Parks as Islands
- Boundaries are usually arbitrary
- Can cause conflict like that of the elephants and
farms - Edge effect - nonliving factors
44Wilderness
- Wilderness act of 1964
- Undeveloped land
- No trails, no lodges, etc
- Wilderness as an idea
- Alaska oil drilling as conflict
45Oceans