Chapter Thirteen

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Chapter Thirteen

• Landscapes and Seascapes

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Clayoquot sound
Coastal Temperate Rainforest
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Clayoquot Sound

• On vancouver island
• Contains 17 of remaining temerate rainforest

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• Western Hemlock Tree

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Trees on truck
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Person with cut trees
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Alternative to Clear cutting
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Homeless bird
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Stakeholders

• Loggers
• Environmental groups
• Native Groups
• Tourism industry

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Overview with cuts
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Types

• Open Wood lands
• Closed Canopy
• Savannah

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Forest Resources

• Building Materials
• 50 of world depends on wood for cooking
• Heating Fuel
• Symbolic/Cultural Meaning

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Ecological Effects

• Erosion
• Habitat for Species
• Recreation - hunting, camping
• Role in Climate
• Carbon Sinks

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Commercial Forestry
US uses timber twice as fast as other
countries Largest Importer Second Exporter
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Sustainability

• Sustainable timber harvest
• Sustainable forest ecosystem
• Lower than MSY
• Methods include
• Coppicing
• Selective understory cutting

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Certification

• Intended to encourage well-managed forests
• Certified Products Carry a seal
• Results mainly in benefits for lumber producers
• Sustainability is hard to prove

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Deforestation
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Deforestation

• Been Happening since Greek/Roman Times
• Has happened in US

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Causes of Deforestation

• Most common reason - use or sell for lumber,
  paper products, fuel.
• Clearing For Agriculture
• Principal Cause in Brazil and Nepal

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Indirect Deforestation

• Death of trees due to pollution and disease
• Acid rain
• German forest death - Walsterben
• Causes could include acid rain, ozone,
  pollutants
• Possible effects of Global warming

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Possible effects of Global Warming

• Major changes in Temperature and Rainfall
• Species would not be able to grow in current
  locations
• Migration would require capability of dispersal,
  beneficial soil conditions, lack of competing
  species

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Silviculture
All trees began growth in same year At least
three different aged classes Never been cut (old
growth) Has been cut

• Even aged stands
• Uneven-aged stands
• Virgin forest
• Second growth

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Site Quality Depends on

• Soil Fertility
• Water Supply
• Local Climate

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Issues

• Genetically altered supertrees
• Disease management
• Insects such as Gypsy Moth (exotic)
• Effects of insects defoliation, eating buds,
  destroying straight form, eating fruits, carrying
  disease

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Tree diseases

• 48

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Ecosystem Approach to Management - Why

• Success of trees depends onsoils, climate,
  competition, parasites/herbivores and community
  effects
• Necessary to biological diversity

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Ecosystem Approach to Management - How

• Use of concept of Succession
• Example - In Canadian Forests aspen, birch, pine
  - all early succesional species
• Contrast Oaks in Germany, maples in the US.
  require long rotation time, high selectivity

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National Forest and Multiple Uses

• Timber
• Recreation
• Wildlife
• Water supply

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Multiple Use approaches

• Old Fashioned - Use all land for all uses
• New Fashioned (alternative approach)- Use each
  part of land for what it is well suited for

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Clear Cutting
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Alternatives to Clear Cutting

• Selective Cutting - Individual trees marked and
  cut
• Strip Cutting - narrow rows of forest are cut
• Shelterwood cutting - cut dead and less desirable
  trees first, results inalways having young trees
• Seed tree cutting - leave a few ggod seed trees

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Example of Strip Cutting

• Advantages
• Uncut strips provide protection from wind and sun
• Minimize aesthetic effects
• Wildlife corridors

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Example of Strip Cutting

• Advantages
• Uncut strips provide protection from wind and sun
• Minimize aesthetic effects
• Wildlife corridors

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Effects of Clear Cutting

• Experiment in Hubbard Brook, New Hampshire
• Increased erosion/change in runoff
• Soil decay was rapid
• Increase in nitrates in soil

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Effects of Clear Cutting

• Experiment in Oregon, H.J Andrews experimental
  area
• Great increase in landslides
• Also effects chemical cycling through run off

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Other aspects of alternatives to clear cutting

• Shorter rotation times - can be as small as 10
  years in wood pulp growth. Hard on soil, requires
  fertilizer
• Fire - Can be important in removing thick
  undergrowth, slowing some disease, can increase
  production of some desirable tree species
  (reduces competition)

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Old Growth

• Not a clearly defined scientific term
• Douglas Fir and Coastal Redwood
• Respected for beauty and as habitat
• Can take 500-1000 yrs to recover from clear cut
• No legislation, therefore issues are reduced to
  endangered species debates

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Plantation forestry

• Basically, tree farms in high yield sites

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Reforestation

• Planting seedlings where trees have been cut

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Community Forestry

• Used in areas where people depend directly on
  wood for cooking and heat
• Helps villagers develop woodlots

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Parks and preserves

• Remember parks are preserves but forests are
  agriculture

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Goals of parks

• Preservationwonders and nature
• Wildlife conservation
• Aesthetics
• recreation

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Parks as Islands

• Boundaries are usually arbitrary
• Can cause conflict like that of the elephants and
  farms
• Edge effect - nonliving factors

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Wilderness

• Wilderness act of 1964
• Undeveloped land
• No trails, no lodges, etc
• Wilderness as an idea
• Alaska oil drilling as conflict

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Oceans

• Monday