What Am I Doing Here

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What Am I Doing Here?

• What is chemistry?
• Chemistry the study of all substances and the
  changes they undergo.
• Touches nearly all aspects of our livescan you
  think of some examples?
• The central science it overlaps with so many
  other sciences.

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WHY STUDY CHEMISTRY?

• It will help you understand the world!
• HINT Dont try to memorize!
• The task is easier if you concentrate on
  understanding concepts, not memorizing facts.

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Biochemistry (my favorite)

• Study of chemical reactions that occur in living
  organisms
• What it studies
• DNA to RNA to Proteins
• CSI--Forensics
• Springer--paternity tests (can disprove a parent
  with blood types, but you cannot prove without
  DNA
• Genetically altered plants/animals

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"Alba", the green fluorescent bunny, is an albino
rabbit. This means that, since she has no skin
pigment, under ordinary environmental conditions
she is completely white with pink eyes. Alba is
not green all the time. She only glows when
illuminated with the correct light. When (and
only when) illuminated with blue light (maximum
excitation at 488 nm), she glows with a bright
green light (maximum emission at 509 nm). She was
created with EGFP, an enhanced version (i.e., a
synthetic mutation) of the original wild-type
green fluorescent gene found in the jellyfish
Aequorea Victoria. EGFP gives about two orders of
magnitude greater fluorescence in mammalian cells
(including human cells) than the original
jellyfish gene.
Alba, the fluorescent bunny.
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Organic Chemistry

• Study of substances containing carbon
• (closely related to biochemistry--they can
  overlap in many areas)
• What you can do with organic chemistry
• Discovery of new drugs
• Reactions mechanisms how drugs work in the body
• Drug interactions how drugs (prescription and
  illegal) interact with each other and herbal
  remedies/medications
• Peanut allergies (protein is the cause) 100
  people a year killed by peanut allergy

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Inorganic Chemistry

• Study of all substances other than those
  containing carbon
• What we will study
• Naming (what they are called)
• Structure (what they look like)
• Function (how they work together--valence
  electrons)

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Physical Chemistry

• Study of structures of substance, how fast they
  change, and the role of heat in chemical changes
• We study
• Thermochemistry heat flowing in/out of a
  chemical reaction
• Exothermic/Endothermic reactions
• The chemistry behind heat and light
• Real life example THE LIGHTSTICK

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Howstuffworks.com
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Analytical Chemistry (a lot of math here)

• Study of what is in a substance and how much is
  there
• Techniques used
• Liquid/gas chromatography
• NMR--nuclear magnetic resonance
• Spectrophotometry

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Chromatography used to separate/purify
substances as well as identify them
NMR machice (one type) used to find structures
of molecules as well as many other uses
Spectrophotometer measures light intensity
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Scientific Method

• What is the scientific method?
• You use it every day without knowing it.
• Example
• Weather --if it is cloudy you predict it may rain
  and dress accordingly
• Flashlight
• Why do we need a scientific method?
• It allows a standard for experimentation.
• Gives scientist rules to follow so tests can be
  repeated

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Steps of the scientific method

• Observation ask a question
• Hypothesis predict an answer (educated guess
  after researching the topic)
• Experiment test your hypothesis designed to be
  repeatable
• Data analysis study the results
• Conclusion come up with an answer, either
  proving or disproving your hypothesis (it is okay
  to have an incorrect hypothesis if you always
  know the answer ahead of time there is no need to
  do the experiment)

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Theory vs Law

• Scientific theory a well-tested explanation for
  a broad set of observations (it may be changed
  after future tests)
• Scientific law a concise statement that
  summarizes the results of many observations and
  experiments (not an explanation)

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5 branches of Chemistry

• Biochemistry Study of chemical reactions that
  occur in living organisms
• Organic Chemistry Study of substances
  containing carbon
• Inorganic Chemistry Study of all substances
  other than those containing carbon
• Physical Chemistry Study of structures of
  substance, how fast they change, and the role of
  heat in chemical changes
• Analytical Chemistry Study of what is in a
  substance and how much is there

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Unit 1 Introduction, Scientific Method, Safety,
Matter, Energy

• Ch. 1.1 1.3
• 2.1 2.4.

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Matter

• Matter Has mass and volume.
• Law of Conservation of Matter Matter is neither
  created nor destroyed.
• Examples of Matter?
• States of Matter
• State Example Shape vs. Volume
• Solid
• Liquid
• Gas
• Plasma

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Physical vs Chemical

• Properties
• Physical a quality that can be observed or
  measured without changing the substances
  composition
• Chemical a quality that can only be observed by
  changing the composition.

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Physical vs Chemical

• Changes Has the change altered the identity of
  the substance.
• Physical Does not alter the substances
  identity.
• Chemical Mass change, forms a precipitate,
  releases heat and / or light, color changes,
  gives off gas.

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5 Indicators of a Chemical Reaction

• Formation of a precipitate (ppt)
• Evolution of a gas
• Color change
• Release/absorption of heat or light
• Apparent change in mass (it looks like the mass
  is smaller/larger)

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• Classification of Matter (with examples)
• Homogeneous
• Element Can not be separated into simpler
  substances by a chemical change.
• Use symbols
• Periodic table (properties)
• Compound Combined by chemical reaction in a
  fixed proportion.
• Organic
• Inorganic
• Solutions
• Heterogeneous Visibly different parts.
• Mixture

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ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

• Physical properties can be observed using any of
  the 5 senses.
• Separation Techniques for Mixtures
• Filtration
• Distillation
• Terms to know (they will appear throughout the
  course)
• Malleable able to be shaped or bent
• Ductile able to be pulled into wire

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Energy

• Energy The capacity to do work or to produce
  heat.
• Work the capacity to move an object over a
  distance against a resisting force.
• Where is energy found
• Train, sunlight, chocolate bar, etc
• Radiant energy
• Kinetic energy energy of motion.
• KE 1/2mv2
• Mechanical energy carried by moving parts of a
  machine
• Thermal energy caused by random internal motion
  of particles of matter

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• Potential energy Energy possessed by objects
  because of their position.
• Gravitational Potential Energy
• GPE mgh mass x acceleration due to gravity x
  height
• Electrical Potential Energy exists when objects
  with different electrical charges are separated
• Chemical Potential Energy exists due to
  arrangement of particles that make up a substance
• Law of Conservation of Energy In any process,
  energy is neither created nor destroyed.

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• Measuring Energy
• Calorie (cal) a common unit of energy.
• One calorie the amount of heat needed to raise
  the temp of one gram of water by one Celsius
  degree.
• Joule The SI unit of energy.
• 1 cal 4.184 J