An Introduction to Animal Structure

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Chapter 40 An Introduction to Animal Structure
Function
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Chapter 40 Structure / Function
Anatomy The study of organismal structure
Physiology The study of organismal functions
Cell (Basic unit of life BI 211))
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Major tissue categories

• Epithelial tissue
• Connective tissue
• Muscle tissue
• Nervous tissue

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Chapter 40 Structure / Function
Tissue Categories
1) Epithelial Tissue

• Function (general)
• Covers body
• Lines body organs and cavities

Structure

• High degree of cellularity
• Compartmentalized function
• Free surface vs. basement membrane
• Innervated
• Avascular
• Regenerative

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Chapter 40 Structure / Function
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
Simple Stratified
Squamous Cuboidal Columnar
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Chapter 40 Structure / Function
Functions of epithelial tissue
Protection (e.g. skin)
Secretion (e.g. glands)
Exchange (e.g. lung)
Absorption (e.g. gut)
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Chapter 40 Structure / Function
Tissue Categories
2) Connective Tissue
Function (general) Binds supports other
tissues
Structure

• Cells
• Immature (-blasts) mature (-cytes)
• Fibers
• Provide support for tissues
• Ground substance
• Unstructured material between cells

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Chapter 40 Structure / Function
Types of Connective Tissues

• Loose Connective Tissue
• Binding material
• Fibro-blasts /-cytes produce fibers

• Adipose
• Energy / Protection
• ? cellularity for storage

• Fibrous Connective
• Tissue
• Strength (e.g. tendons)
• ? fiber count

• Cartilage
• Flexible support
• Semi-solid matrix
• Chondro-blasts/-cytes

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Chapter 40 Structure / Function
Types of Connective Tissues

• Bone
• Strong support
• Mineralized matrix
• Osteo-blasts / -cytes

• Blood
• Transport
• Fluid matrix (plasma)

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Chapter 40 Structure / Function
Tissue Categories
3) Muscle Tissue

• Function
• Contracts when properly stimulated

Structure

• Elongated cells w/ microfilaments
• Highly vascularized and innervated

Classification

• 1) Skeletal Muscle (Voluntary movement)
• Multi-nucleated / striated

• 2) Cardiac Muscle (Invol. heart contraction)
• Uni-nucleated / striated / branched

• 3) Smooth Muscle (Involuntary propulsion)
• Uni-nucleated / non-striated

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Chapter 40 Structure / Function
Tissue Categories
4) Nervous Tissue

• Function
• Capable of transmitting electrical signals

Structure (overview)

• Densely-packed tightly intertwined cells
• Highly vascularized

Cell types?

• 1) Neurons
• Generate / conduct electrical impulses
• 2) Glial Cells
• Variety of supporting roles
• More detail in next lecture