Fri, Feb 10

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Fri, Feb 10 Professor Jane Adams,
Ph.D. Office hours (M-2-270 M and F after
class until 100 Teaching Assistant Lindsey
West email lindwest_at_gmail.com office hours
(M-3-551) Monday 3-4 Tuesday 11-12 or by
appt. Marisa DiFronzo tutor marisa.difronzo001
_at_students.umb.edu marisa2688_at_hotmail.com Availa
ble early mornings or after 5 PM
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• The Structure of the Nervous System
• I. Central nervous system (CNS)
• Brain and spinal cord
• II. Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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• Functions of the Nervous System
• To receive information from the environment (dog)
• To interpret new information in comparison with
  the old to generate choices and decisions (nice
  dog? mean dog?)
• To guide actions and control bodily functions
  (pet? run?)
• Thus, it must acquire, analyze, store, and
  utilize information from the external world and
  control internal physiological processes.

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• Nervous system is composed of 2 broad categories
  of cells glia and neurons
• Glial cells outnumber neurons at least 91.
• The basic organization of the brain is the same
  in all mammals, but humans have greater
  interconnectedness among parts and a higher ratio
  of glia to neurons.
• First, the gross anatomy of the brain, then the
  peripheral nervous system, then exam.

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neuron
Axon wrapped in glial cells
-------------------glial cell
axon
neuron
-------------------synapse
neuron
glial cells
blood vessel
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• 1. Forebrain
• A. Telencephalon
• largest division
• mediates most complex functions
• contains 2 hemispheres of brain
• hemispheres are covered by the cortex
• cortex has fissures that create its external
  appearance and allow a greater surface area
• parts are divided into lobes anatomically and
  functionally

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External Appearance of the Cortex Fissures -
folds in the cerebral cortex Sulci - plural of
sulcus - deep valleys in the folds Gyri - plural
of gyrus - the ridges of tissue (peaks) next to
the folds of the cortex
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Lobes Frontal Lobes Temporal Lobes Parietal
Lobes Occipital Lobes
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Functions Associated with 4 Lobes 1. Frontal
Lobes - planning and organization of behavior
motor control 2. Temporal Lobes - hearing
emotion memory formation and processing (not
storage) 3. Parietal Lobes processing of
sensory information from skin and body
(somatosensory) 4. Occipital Lobes - vision
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Spatial organization of the sensory cortex
reflects a map of the body parts it receives
information from or controls Somatotopic
organization True for all sensory cortex most
easily seen in sensorimotor areas of cortex.
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General Principle of Neural Organization The
size and complexity of neural structures are
related to the importance of the functions they
control. Humans large occipital area for
vision large sensory-motor area for hands and
face Bats large auditory area
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Divisions of the Adult Brain

• 1. Forebrain
• A. Telencephalon
• underneath the cortex are important structures
  of the limbic system and basal ganglia
• Limbic system - motivated behaviors emotion
  certain aspects of memory formation

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6 Fs of Limbic System Functioning 1) Fleeing
defensive actions 2) Fighting offensive
actions aggression 3) Feeding hunger and
thirst 4) Sex Behavior mating behavior
parental behavior 5) Feeling - a major control
center for emotion 6) Formation of memory
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Divisions of the Adult Brain
1. Forebrain A. Telencephalon Limbic system -
motivated behaviors emotion certain aspects of
memory formation Basal ganglia - voluntary motor
movements
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Basal Ganglia structures are in purple
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Divisions of the Adult Brain

• 1. Forebrain
• A. Telencephalon cortex, limbic system, basal
  ganglia
• B. Diencephalon
• contains the thalamus - sensory relay station
• contains the hypothalamus - regulates many
  hormones
• contains the optic chiasm - point where nerves
  from each eye come together (sits underneath
  not shown)

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- in orange
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Divisions of the Adult Brain

• 1. Forebrain
• 2. Midbrain - Mesencephalon
• role in hearing vision movement pain reward
  centers

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Ventral tegmentum and nucleus accumbens reward
centers
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• 3. Hindbrain
• A. Metencephalon (upper parts)
• contains the pons and cerebellum
• role in arousal, attention, sleep, movement,
  balance
• carries signals between brain and body
• B. Myelencephalon
• medulla - lower part -same functions as above
  plus
• role in regulation of heart, circulation,
  respiration

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