Activity

1
Activity reactivity
2
Activity
Reactivity
2.Result
1.Stimulus
2.Reaction
1.Action
1
1
2
3

• Mechanical determination - Reactivity
• Teleological determination - Activity
• M. Bunge

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Activity
Reactivity
2.Result
1.Stimulus
2.Reaction
1.Action
1
1
2
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Human and Rock

• Regularities explaining the behavior of a stone
  are quite sufficient to explain human behavior.
  The role of such general law was played by the
  connection between stimulus and reaction.
• Z.Y. Kuo The fundamental error of the concept of
  purpose and the trial and error fallacy. Psychol.
  Rev. 1928, 35, 417.

• Not only living organisms react to an external
  influence, but non-living matter as well.
• V.M.Behterev Objective psychology, Moscow,
  Science Press, 1991, 21

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Activity
Reactivity
2.Result
1.Stimulus
2.Reaction
1.Action
1
1
2
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N.A. Bernstein 1896 - 1966
Essays on the physiology of movements and
physiology of activity, 1966, Moscow Meditsina
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• In the framework of two different concepts, the
  same set of data poses as different facts.
• Personal Knowledge Towards a Post-Critical
  Philosophy, 1958. London, Routledge

1891 - 1976
9

• Thus an idea occurred to me that basically
  everything in the world is subjective and no
  exceptions. What a blow it was!
• My life and my views, 1968. New York, Scribner.

Max Born 1882-1970
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While collecting facts requires precise accurate
experimental work, systematization of facts
appears successful only when one can feel rather
then analyze an event.
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ACTIVITY motivational reflex
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TIME! NOT LOCATION
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Time Paradox
In explaining the existence or properties of an
object by appeal to a future goal or a function
that is only later realized, teleological
explanations seem to get the temporal order
wrong they explain the present by appeal to the
future.
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HISTORY
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I.P. Pavlov 1849 - 1936
17

• Aristotle explained a variety of physical and
  biological phenomena by appeal to final causes.
• The final cause explains that for the sake of
  which something is the case by supplying a
  function or goal, also called a teleological or
  functional explanation.
• Today we continue to invoke final causes in a
  variety of contexts.
• T. Lombrozo, Carey S. Functional explanation and
  the function of explanation. Cognition, 2005, p.2

Aristotel (384-322 years BC)
Men do not think they know a thing till they
have grasped the why of it (which is to grasp
its primary cause). Aristotle (Physics,
II.3.194B17)
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• As critics such as Galileo, Bacon and Descartes
  were well awarefinal causality does not appear
  in Aristotles natural philosophy as a module
  that can be detached and discarded without harm
  to the rest. It is, ratherand rather more so
  than is generally understoodthe key to a network
  of concepts that stands or falls as a whole.
• The early modern rejection of final causality,
  accordingly, was the rejection of this whole
  network.
• Mirus C. V. ARISTOTLES TELEOLOGY AND MODERN
  MECHANICS. A Dissertation, Notre Dame, Indiana,
  2004.

Aristotel (384-322 years BC)
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N. Bohr
1885 - 1962
Renaissance REACTIVITY vs ACTIVITY
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ACTIVITY IS THE ONLY TRUE REALITY
Novalis (1772-1801) - PSEUDONYM FOR German
Romantic poet FRIEDRICH LEOPOLD, BARON VON
HARDENBERG, 1926, 403 Cited by B.M. Velichkovsky,
Memory, 2005, 405
21

• Now we witness the new phase of science shifting
  from stimulus-based to teleological and
  holistic determinism, to establishing of
  systemic views and to emphasis on activity.
• This tendency hasnt yet become the mainstream of
  science development, but it receives the growing
  support from leading researchers.

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Human and Rock

• Regularities explaining the behavior of a stone
  are quite sufficient to explain human behavior.
  The role of such general law was played by the
  connection between stimulus and reaction.
• Z.Y. Kuo The fundamental error of the concept of
  purpose and the trial and error fallacy. Psychol.
  Rev. 1928, 35, 417.

• Not only living organisms react to an external
  influence, but non-living matter as well.
• V.M.Behterev Objective psychology, Moscow,
  Science Press, 1991, 21

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Rock and Human

• Movements of physical bodies, such as rocks, are
  explained by external forces. Such external
  factors are referred to as causes.
• By contrast, many human movements are
  distinguished from the movements of rocks by
  having explanations in terms of not just causes
  but reasons. We describe human movements as
  actions directed towards a goal for a purpose.
  (pg. 33)
• Schall J.D. Neural basis of deciding, choosing
  and acting. Nature Rev. Neurosci., 2001, 2,
  33-42.

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Anticipatory SystemsReinventionRobert Rosen
http//www.anticipation.info/

• Without exception (in my experience), all models
  and theories of biological systems are reactive
• An anticipatory system is a system whose current
  state is determined by a future state. The cause
  lies in the future
• An anticipatory system is a system containing a
  predictive model of itself and/or of its
  environment that allows it to change state at an
  instant in accord with the models predictions
  pertaining to a later instant
• The reactive paradigm, as we may call it, was
  grossly deficient in dealing with systems of this
  kind
• Any system behavior can be simulated by a purely
  reactive system. We can only speak of simulation,
  and not of explanation, of our systems behavior
  in these terms

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DYNAMIC PREDICTIONSOSCILLATIONS AND SYNCHRONY
INTOPDOWN PROCESSINGA. K. Engel, P. Fries, W.
SingerNATURE REVIEWS NEUROSCIENCE, 2001, V.2.

• Many aspects of cognition and behaviour are not
  stimulus driven in a reflex-like manner, but are
  to a large degree based on expectations. This
  anticipatory nature of neural activity patterns
  is attracting increasing interest in systems
  neuroscience.

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Daniel C. Dennett

• Cartesian paradigm nobody espouses but almost
  everybody tends to think in terms of
• 1993, pg. 144

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DYNAMIC PREDICTIONSOSCILLATIONS AND SYNCHRONY
INTOPDOWN PROCESSINGA. K. Engel, P. Fries, W.
SingerNATURE REVIEWS NEUROSCIENCE, 2001, V.2.

• Many aspects (!) of cognition and behaviour are
  not stimulus driven in a reflex-like manner, but
  are to a large degree based on expectations. This
  anticipatory nature of neural activity patterns
  is attracting increasing interest in systems
  neuroscience.

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• It is the commonly held belief that animals in
  general and insects in particular are but
  input/output machines if one only knew all their
  sensory input, one could predict the behavioral
  output they would produce.
• This basic tenet not only guides basic
  neurobiological research but has been the
  foundation for a great many robotic applications.
  
• Our results contradict this view.

Order in Spontaneous Behavior Björn Brembs,
Alexander Maye and Uwe Greggers Presented at the
2005 Neuroscience meeting in Washington, DC.
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Order in Spontaneous Behavior Björn Brembs,
Alexander Maye and Uwe Greggers Presented at the
2005 Neuroscience meeting in Washington, DC.
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Stimulus ? Reaction Today

• A fundamental issue in neurobiology is how
  sensory stimuli guide motor behavior
• Ranulfo Romo Emilio Salinas.
• Sensing and deciding in the somatosensory
  system//
• Current Opinion in Neurobilogy
• 1999, 9 487-493

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Eclectism

• Phylogenetic eclecticism
• Ontogenetic eclecticism
• Level eclecticism
• Anatomical eclecticism
• eclecticism from Gr. eklektikosto choose, the
  selection of elements from different systems of
  thought, without regard to possible
  contradictions between the systems

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Phylogenetic and Ontogenetic eclecticism

• Unlike primitive organisms, humans are active,
  rather than reactive, beings.
• E. Goldberg. The executive brain. Frontal lobes
  and the civilized mind. Oxfrod Univ. Press. 2001,
  p.124
• Through evolution and during the course of
  ontogeny, there is transition from reflexive,
  involuntary behaviors to voluntary and purposeful
  behaviors
• Carolyn A Ristau. In Evolution of social
  behavior and integrative levels, 1988.

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Eclectism

• Phylogenetic eclecticism
• Ontogenetic eclecticism
• Level eclecticism
• Anatomical eclecticism
• eclecticism from Gr. eklektikosto choose, the
  selection of elements from different systems of
  thought, without regard to possible
  contradictions between the systems