Paola Gianotti - LNF

1
Charm and Strange physics at the HESR the
future GSI hadron machine

• Goals and achievements in hadron spectroscopy
• Overview of the GSI Future Project
• The PANDA detector concept
• The Antiproton Physics Program
• Charmonium spectroscopy
• Hybrids and glueballs
• Medium modification of hadrons
• Hypernuclei
• Conlcusions

Paola Gianotti - LNF
2
Hadron spectroscopy
Hadron spectroscopy and strong interaction
understanding are strongly connected
With the advent of high energy particle
accelerators, a large variety of mesons and
baryons appeared
By arranging the various mesons and baryons
according to their JPC into multiplets none
seemed to correspond to the fundamental triplet
representation
It was postulated that mesons and baryons were
composite objects made of quarks
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Goals and achievements in hadron spectroscopy
Nowadays QCD is the accepted theory of strong
interaction even if calculating the properties of
hadrons from the QCD Lagrangian is very difficult
phenomenological models are used
instead
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Goals and achievements in hadron spectroscopy
Hadron spectrum consits of an increeasingly large
number of broad overlapping states crowed in the
mass region around 12 GeV.

• Different experimental techinques are used to
  disentangle these states
• Studies of different final states
• Selection of special working conditions or final
  states to filter
• initial state quantum numbers
• Production mechanisms (gg collisions, pp
  annihilation,
• peripheral or central production, etc).

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The LEAR inheritance
Much of the recent experimental progress in
hadron spectroscopy came from p
physics T.Barnes, LEAP03
Beam intensity 104 106 p/s
Beam momentum 1002000 MeV/c
?p/p 10-3
Machine vacuum 10-11 10-12 Torr
circumference 78.54 m
Three glueball candidates f0(1500), f0(1710)
0
h(1440) 0- Two hybrids candidates p1(1400),
p1(1600)
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The LEAR inheritance
Crystal Barrel
OBELIX
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The Fermilab activity
Many results come from E760-E835 experiments at
Fermilab Antiproton Accumulator
81011 p per stack accumulation rate 4 1010
p/h p accumulated at 8.9 GeV/c and decelerated
decreasing dipole current fine scan using
stochastic cooling Initial beam intensity 1012 p
Gas jet target density 1012 1014 atoms/cm3 to
keep luminosity constant 21031
cm-2sec-1 Momentum spread Dp/p 10-4? s(vs) 200 KeV
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GSI Future Facility

• From protons to uranium
• - In future also atiprotons
• From 1MeV/u to 2 GeV/u
• - In future up to 30 GeV/u
• 109 to 1011 particles/cycle
• - In future 1012 particles/cycle
• 0.1Hz to 1Hz repetition rate
• - In future up to 3 Hz

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HESR - High Energy Storage Ring

High luminosity mode
High resolution mode

• dp/p 10-5 (electron cooling)
• Lumin. 1031 cm-2 s-1

• Lumin. 2 x 1032 cm-2 s-1
• dp/p 10-4 (stochastic cooling)

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General Purpose Detector

• Detector requests
• nearly 4p solid angle (partial wave analysis)
• high rate capability (2107 annihilations/s)
• good PID (g, e, m, p, K, p)
• momentum resolution (1)
• vertex info for D, K0S, L (ct 317 mm for D)
• efficient trigger (e, m, K, D, L)
• modular design (Hypernuclei experiments)

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Detector (top view)
The costs for the detector are estimated to be 28
M, including 13 M for the most costly
component, the electromagnetic calorimeter.
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PANDA Detector
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Charmonium spectroscopy
Charmonium spectrum is becoming more clear
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Charmonium spectroscopy
Even on the ground state on the simplest
parameters there are consistency problems
Five new measurements published 2002-2003, four
by ee- experiments
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Charmonium spectroscopy
Charmonium spectrum is becaming more clear
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Charmonium spectroscopy
3637.74.4 MeV
New measurements of mass are consistent!
BABAR 03 gg?KSKp-
hc
CLEO 03 gg?KSKp-
BELLE 03 ee-?J/y X
BELLE 02 B?K (KSKp-)
CBALL 86 y(2S)?gX
Mass (MeV)
Gtot (19 10) MeV
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Charmonium spectroscopy
Charmonium spectrum is becaming more clear
Open problems
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Charmonium spectroscopy
Mass Decay channels studied Total BR seen () Decay Channels With error lt30
hc 2979.91.0 20 26.1 0
hc 3637.74.4 1
J/y 3096.87.04 134 41.5 84
y 3685.96.09 51 48.0 33
cc0 3415.10.8 17 10.1 10
cc1 3510.51.12 12 4.0 4
cc2 3556.18.13 18 6.5 8
hc 2 ? 0
y (3770) 3769.92.5 2 0 1
y (4040) 404010 6 0 1
y (4160) 415920 1 0 0
y (4415) 44156 2 0 0
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Charmonium Physics

• ee- interactions

• - Only 1-- states are formed
• Other states only by secondary
• decays (moderate mass resolution)

• pp reactions

• All states directly formed
• (very good mass resolution)

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Exotic hadrons
The QCD spectrum is much rich than that of the
naive quark model also the gluons can act as
hadron components
The exotic hadrons fall in 3 general
categories
In the light meson spectrum exotic states overlap
with conventional states
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Exotic hadrons
The QCD spectrum is much rich than that of the
naive quark modelalso the gluons can act as
hadron components
The exotic hadrons fall in 3 general
categories
In the cc meson spectrum the density of states
is lower and therefore the overlap
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Exotic hadrons
In the light meson region, about 10 states have
been classified as Exotics. Almost all of them
have been seen in pp...
Main non-qq candidates Main non-qq candidates
f0(980) 4q state
f0(1500) 0 glueball candidate
f0(1730) 0 glueball candidate
h(1410) h(1460) 0- glueball candidate
f1(1420) hybrid, 4q state
p1(1400) hybrid candidate 1-
p1(1600) hybrid candidate 1-
p (1800) hibrid candidate 0-
p2(1900) hybrid candidate 2-
p1(2000) hybrid candidate 1-
a2(2100) hybrid candidate 1
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Glueballs and Hybrids
Even exotic quantum numbers can be reached s
100 pb
Exotic mesons are produced with rates similar to
qq conventional systems
All ordinary quantum numbers can be reached s 1
mb
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Charmed Hybrids

• Fluxtube-Model predicts H
• DD (c.c.) decays
• If mHlt4290 MeV/c2?
• GH lt 50 MeV/c2
• Some exotics can decay neither to DD nor to
  DDc.c.
• e.g. JPC(H)0-
• fluxtube allowedcc0w,cc0f,cc2w,cc2f,
• hc,h1, h1ch
• fluxtube forbiddenJ/yf2,J/y(pp)S
• Small number of final states with small phase
  space

r00.5fm

• Gluonic excitations of the
• quark-antiquark-potential may lead to bound
  states
• LQCD
• mH 4.2-4.5 GeV JPC 1-

BaBar and Belle would expect 300 evts. each in 5
years not competitive
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Glueballs

• Light gg/ggg-systems are
• complicated to be identified
• Oddballsexotic heavy glueballs
• m(0-) 4740(50)(200) MeV
• m(2-) 4340(70)(230) MeV
• Width unknown, but!
• nature invests more likely in mass than in
  momentum good prob. to see in charm channels
• Same run period as hybrids

Morningstar und Peardon, PRD60 (1999)
034509 Morningstar und Peardon, PRD56 (1997) 4043
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Multi-quarks states
Recently, 12 different experiments have reported
evidences of an exotic baryon with Kn quantum
numbers Q(1530) G 20 MeV
The Q(1530) state cannot be a 3-quarks state.
Its minimal quark content is (uudds)
H1 claims to have observed Qc hep-ex0403017
p could be a good tool to search for multiquark
states
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Hadrons in nuclear matter
One of the fundamental question of QCD is the
generation of
MASS
The light hadron masses are larger than the sum
of the constituent quark masses!
Spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking seems to
play a decisive role in the mass generation of
light hadrons.
How can we check this?
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Hadrons in nuclear matter
Since density increase in nuclear matter is
possible a partial restoration of chiral symmetry

• Light quarks are sensitive to quark
  condensate

Evidence for mass changes of pions and kaons has
been observed

• Deeply bound pionic atoms

• Kaon-production environments

fp 0.78f p
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Hadrons in nuclear matter
Subthreshold enhancement for D and D meson
production expected signal strong enhancement of
the D-meson cross section, relative D D-
yields, in the near/sub-threshold region.
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Hadrons in nuclear matter
GeV/c2 Mass

• The lowering of the DD thresh.
• allow Y ,cc2 charmonium states
• to decay into this channel

y(33S1)
4
y(13D1)
3.8
y(23S1)
3.6
cc2(13P2)

• states above DD thresh. would
• have larger width

cc1(13P1)
3.4
cc1(13P0)
3.2
y(13S1)
hc(11S0)
3
Predictions by Ye.S. Golubeva et al., Eur.Phys.J.
A 17,(2003)275
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J/y Absorption in Nuclei

• Important for the understanding of
• heavy ion collisions related to QGP
• Reaction
• p A ? J/Y (A-1)
• ?ee-
• A complete set of measurements
• could be done
• - J/y, y, cJ on different nuclear target
• - Longitudinal and transverse Fermi-
• distribution is measurable

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Hypernuclear Physics

• Use pp interaction to produce a hyperon beam
  (t10-10 s) which is tagged by the antihyperon or
  its decay products

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Production of Double Hypernuclei
Kaons
2. Slowing down and capture of X- in secondary
target nucleus
_
trigger
X
_
p
3 GeV/c
X-
X-(dss) p(uud) ? L(uds) L(uds)
1. Hyperon- antihyperon production at threshold
L
g
L
28MeV
3. g-spectroscopy with Ge-detectors
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Expected Counting Rate

• Ingredients (golden events)
• luminosity 21032 cm-2s-1
• XX- cross section 2mb for pp 700 Hz
• p (100-500 MeV/c) p500? 0.0005
• X reconstruction probability 0.5
• stopping and capture probability pCAP? 0.20
• total captured X- 3000 / day
• X- to LL-nucleus conversion probability pLL ?
  0.05
• total LL hypernucleus production 4500 /month
  
• gamma emission/event, pg ? 0.5
• g-ray peak efficiency pGE? 0.1
• 7/day golden g-ray events (X trigger)
• 700/day with KK trigger

high resolution g-spectroscopy of double
hypernuclei will be feasible
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HESR/ expected counting rates
One year of data taking 1-2(fb)-1
Final state Cross section rec. events
Meson resonance anything 100mb 1010
LL 50mb 1010
XX 2mb 108
DD 250nb 107
J/y(?ee-,mm-) 630nb 109
c2(? J/yg) 3.7nb 107
LcLc 20nb 107
WcWc 0.1nb 105
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Competition BES, CLEO, Dafne, HallD, JHF
Topic Competitor
ConfinementCharmonium all cc states with high resolution CLEO-C only 1 states formed
Gluonic Excitations charmed hybrids heavy glueballs CLEO-C light glueballs Hall-D light hybrids
Nuclear Interactions D-mass shift J/y absorption (T0) Dafne K-mass shift
Hypernuclei g-spectroscopy ofL- and LL-hypernuclei JHF single HN Dafne high luminosity
Open Charm Physics Rare D-Decays CP-physics in Hadrons CLEO-C rare D-Decays CP-physics in D-Mesons
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PANDA Collaboration

• At present a group of 300 physicists
• from 49 institutions of 11 countries

Austria China - Germany Italy Netherlands
Poland Russia Sweden Switzerland - U.K.
U.S.
Basel, Beijing, Bochum, Bonn, Catania, Cracow,
Dresden, Edinburg, Erlangen, Ferrara, Franhfurt,
Genova, Giessen, Glasgow, KVI Groningen, GSI, FZ
Jülich I II, JINR, Katowice, Lanzhou, LNF, Los
Alamos, Mainz, Milano, Milano Politecnico, Minsk,
TU München, Münster, Northwestern, BINP
Novosibirsk, Pavia, Silesia, Stockolm, Torino I
II, Torino Politecnico,Trieste, TSL Uppsala,
Tübingen, Uppsala, SINS Warsaw, AAS Wien
Spokesperson Ulrich Wiedner - Uppsala
http//www.gsi.de/hesr/panda
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Conclusions
Thanks to the new GSI HESR facility p will be
used to...
perform high resolution spectroscopy with p-beam
in formation experiments DE DEbeam produce,
with high yields, gluonic excitations glueballs,
hybrids, multi-quark states s 100 pb study
partial chiral symmetry restoration by
implanting mesons inside the nuclear
medium produce hyperon-antihyperon taggable beams