PERSONS WITH MENTAL RETARDATION

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CHAPTER 5

• PERSONS WITH MENTAL RETARDATION

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Chapter 5 E.Q.s

• 1. How is mental retardation defined?
• What is Intelligence Quotient?
• What is Adaptive Behavior?
• 2. What are four ways to classify persons with
  mental retardation?
• 3. How have persons with mental retardation been
  treated throughout history?
• 4. What conditions/circumstances increase the
  likelihood of mental retardation?
• 5. In what ways can mental retardation be
  prevented? 5A Characteristics!!
• 6. What services are provided for children with
  mental retardation at each developmental level?
• 7. Describe three instructional methods that
  foster achievement for persons with mental
  retardation
• 8. What types of assistive technology increase
  access to and participation in learning and
  living for persons with mental retardation?
• 9. What trends, issues, and controversies are
  associated with mental retardation?

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1. How is mental retardation defined?

• IDEA's Definition of "Mental Retardation"
• ". . . significantly subaverage general
  intellectual functioning, existing concurrently
  with deficits in adaptive behavior and manifested
  during the developmental period, that adversely
  affects a child's educational performance." 34
  Code of Federal Regulations 300.7(c)(6)

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1. How is mental retardation defined?

• EVOLVING from 1961 present see 1992 definition
• What is Intelligence Quotient?
• An assessment of capability based on cognitive
  tasks - Examples WISC-IV, Standford-Binet
  Kaufman for ESL students
• What is Adaptive Behavior?
• How one functions in self care, social
  interactions, and understanding of basic concepts
  as compared to the age group expectations

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Measuring intellectual abilityUSE CAUTION!!!!

• Examples WISC-IV, Stanford-Binet, Kaufman
  Assessment Battery for Children
• Mental Age X 100 I.Q.
• Chronological Age
• Must use IQ information with caution
• Cultural bias
• May change factors can create highs
• lows
• Cannot override other factors

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Fig. 5.2, p.147
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1992 AAMR Definition

• Significantly sub-average intellectual ability
• Exists concurrently with limitations in two or
  more adaptive skill areas
• Manifests before age 18
• Adaptive skill areas communication, self-care,
  home living, social skills, community use, self
  direction, health and safety, functional
  academics, leisure, and work

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1992 definition components
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2. What are four ways to classify persons with
mental retardation?

• By cause assumed due to presence of disorder or
  medical anomaly
• By IQ test results mild, moderate, severe,
  profound
• By educational accomplishments EMR, TMR
• By levels of support intermittent, limited,
  extensive, pervasive

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3. How have persons with mental retardation been
treated throughout history?

• Greeks, Romans - killed or put in jars at
  temples or mutilated to beg or left for
  adoption
• Middle Ages Children of God, or marked by
  Satan, or natural fools
• 1800s - first treatment programs
• 1900s sterilization, asylums Kallikaks
  Jukes
• 1960s -1970s research, education,
  normalization, deinstitutionalization

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4. What conditions/circumstances increase the
likelihood of mental retardation?

• Prenatally Chromosome disorders,
  metabolic/nutritional disorders, maternal
  infections, environmental conditions
• Perinatally low birth wt prematurity lack of
  oxygen during delivery delivery complications
• Postnatally Infections, ingestions child
  abuse, head trauma, malnutrition, lack of
  stimulation

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5. In what ways can mental retardation be
prevented?

• Primary Amniocentesis chorionic villus
  sampling, ultrasound, prenatal screening
• Secondary PKU screening, shunts for
  hydrocephalus
• Tertiary early intervention, IFSP for young
  community-based services for adults

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5A What are characteristics of persons with
mental retardation?

• Attention problems attn. span short relevance
  issues
• Memory difficulties (due to attending problems
  and generalization deficits)
• Academic limitations esp. reading comp.
• Motivation learned helplessness,
  outerdirectedness
• Generalization difficulties applying a skill or
  concept in different setting
• Language development slower to develop, limited
  vocabulary, grammar impaired, speech disorders
  common

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6. What services are provided for children with
mental retardation at each developmental level?

• Early intervention ed assistance, health care,
  social services, family supports infant
  stimulation, minimize delays, support family
• School age 50 in self contained classes
  functional academics, self help, vocational
  training, community survival skills, more gen ed
  exposure, transition plans
• Adults supports for working living
  independently job coaching vs. sheltered
  workshops

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7. Describe three instructional methods that
foster achievement for persons with mental
retardation

• Task analysis assess what is known, break into
  small steps
• Cooperative learning all contribute to goal
• Scaffolding support, feedback, change contexts,
  back off gradually, much practice

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8. What types of assistive technology increase
access to and participation in learning and
living for persons with mental retardation?

• Defined in IDEA
• Any item, piece of equipment, or product
  systemacquired or commercialthat is used to
  increase, maintain, or improve functional
  capabilities
• Compensates for the functional limitation of an
  individual and helps the person function in a
  natural environment
• Pages 194-195

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Assistive Technology examples

• Activities of daily living
• Hygiene, meal preparation, e-mail
• Employment
• Computer skills, mobility, correspondence
• Sports and recreation
• Participation in activity, access to events
• Communication
• Written and verbal interactions, voice

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9. What trends, issues, and controversies are
associated with mental retardation?

• Increase in community-based activities
• Increasing need for assistive technology
• Assessment of quality of life and normalization
• Existence of a growing geriatric population
• Increase in inclusive educational placements
• Fostering of self-advocacy and self-
  determination
• Ethical issues and hopes for biomedical research