Nutrition, Food and You

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Nutrition, Food and You

• Chapter Nine
• Energy Balance and Weight Control
• Monday
• October 19, 1998

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• I can live for two months on a good compliment.
• Mark Twain

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ENERGY BALANCE

• Change in the body energy stores can be
  calculated.
• It is equal toEnergy in - Energy out

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Energy In

• 1 pound of body fat _at_ 3,500 Calories of energy
  stored.
• Excess Calories are stored as fat, once
  carbohydrate storage areas are filled.

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Energy out

• Energyexpenditurevaries withbody sizeand
  activitylevel

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Thermic effect

• The energy used by the body to process a meal is
  from 3-10 of the energy intake in the meal.

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Basal metabolism

• Energy spent to live.
• BMR 60-70 Cal/hr

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Factors affecting BMR

• Age
• Height
• Growth
• Body composition
• Fever

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Factors affecting BMR

• Fasting/starvation
• Environmental Temperature
• Stress
• Malnutrition
• Thyroxine

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Voluntary activities

• Energy needed to do work
• A proportion of the BMR

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Energy Needs

• Energy Expenditure Basal metabolism
  voluntary activities.
• Basal metabolism 1.0 Cal/kg/hr for men
• 0.9 Cal/kg/hr for women

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Voluntary activities

• Men Women
• Sedentary 25-40, 25-35
• Light 50-70 40-6-
• Moderate 65-80 50-70
• Heavy 90-120 80-100
• Exceptional130-145 110-130

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Overweight/Underweight

• Both thin and fat people are at risk,
• But, fat people have more problems.

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Obesity

• A disease associated with hypertension (high
  blood pressure) and diabetes.

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Related Diseases

• high blood lipids
• cardiovascular disease
• sleep apnea
• osteoarthritis
• abdominal hernias

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Related Diseases

• some cancers
• varicose veins
• gout
• gallbladder disease
• arthritis

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Related Diseases

• respiratory problems
• liver malfunction
• complications in pregnancy
• complications in surgery
• flat feet
• high accident rate

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Amazing Fact

• In spite of all that,
• over 25 of American adults are in this category.

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Body Shape Effect?

• apple shaped people vspear
  shapedpeople?

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Healthy Weight

• Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. Tables.
• Tables do not include body composition or frame
  size.

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Body Composition

• Body mass index or BMI
• BMI weight (kg) height2
  (meters)
• BMI weight (pounds) X 705
  height2 (inches)

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Body Mass Index (BMI)

• Overweight 30 Obese

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Leanness Measures

• Anthropometry
• Density

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Nutrition, Food and You

• Chapter Nine
• Energy Balance and Weight Control
• Wednesday
• October 21, 1998

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Mystery of Obesity?

• Simple.
• Fat People take in more Calories than they use!
• Why? is the mystery.

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Physiological (Hunger)

• Set Point Theory - subconscious weight
  selection
• Enzyme Theory - LPL lipoprotein lipase
• Fat Cell Theory - excess fat cells in youth

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Physiological (Hunger)

• Theory of Thermogenesis - Brown vs. white
  fat
• Effect differs between obese and thin people

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Psychological (Appetite)

• External Cue Theory - availability
• Choosing high fat foods -
• Exercise -

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Weight Gain

• All food components, Fat, Protein, and
  Carbohydrate can be converted to energy-rich two
  carbon compounds.
• Those not used for energy are converted to fat.

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Weight Loss

• Consume less energy potential in food than you
  need to operate satisfactorily, weight loss
  ensues.
• Rate depends on gap.

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Weight Loss

• Choose an eating plan for life.
• Choose measured amount of Calories
• put yourself in a deficit of about 3,500
  Calories per week.
• equal to one pound of fat.

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Weight Gain

• Eat more calories
• Eat more often.

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Activity

• Weight Loss Cycle
• Exercise breaks the weight cycle.

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Activity

• Weight Gain
• Do work that builds muscle, such as weight
  training.

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Weight

• Maintenance Secrets of success
• Follow written plans
• Three meals a day, eaten leisurely
• No eating after 800 PM
• Plan High fiber diets, with 64 oz of water per
  day

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Lapse Management

• Lapse a temporary change in behavior that can
  be corrected.
• Relapse a loss of control that signals a return
  to old behaviors.
• Behavior modification is the answer, but it
  isnt easy.

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Controversy 9

• Should Overweight People Diet To Loose Weight?

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Answer?

• It seems clear that weight management is
  desirable.

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Costs

• Estimated 40 billion/year in additional Health
  Care costs due to obesity.
• Estimated 40 billion/year in diet foods,
  products and weight loss programs.

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Obesity Assessment

• Hard to evaluate what constitutes obesity.

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The Norway Study

• Obese sized age at deathMen - 70 Women - 74
• Average sized age at death Men - 74 Women -
  80
• Skinny sized age at death Men - 68 Women -
  74

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Diet Safety

• Some people advocate that Truth In Dieting
  information be mandatory.

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Medical Ethics

• The Doctors role.
• (Discussion?)

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Profits

• Weight loss schemes generatemillions, although
  some do work.
• Atkins, Pritikin, Diet Centers, Weight Watchers,
  etc.
• Look out for Fads!

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Attitudes

• Advertising in North America creates a desirable
  image around slenderness.
• In some primitive tribes women are valued by
  their size, fatter is better.

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Answers?

• Like Jack Spratt, eat no fat.
• Exercise regularly, walking 3 miles a day is
  excellent.
• Get rest, stay out of distress, do not use
  alcohol.
• Live long, and prosper.

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The End

• Thank you