Lifestyle Development

1
Lifestyle Development

• Chapter 9

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Developmental Psychology

• The study of how people change over the lifespan

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Important Themes

• Development is the result of gradually unfolding
  changes
• There is an interaction between heredity and the
  environment

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Infancy Early Childhood

• Infancy first 2 years of life
• Initial behavior limited to reflexes for survival
• Rooting reflex
• Sucking reflex
• Grasping reflex

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Infancy Early Childhood

• As motor skills develop over the 1st year, these
  reflexes are replaced by voluntary behaviors

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Infancy Early Childhood

• Infants senses are attuned to people
• Will look at human faces longer
• Nearsighted, optimal viewing 6-12 inches
• At birth can distinguish mothers voice another
  female voice

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Milestones

• Rolling over 2 to 5 ms
• Sitting without support 5 to 8 ms
• Crawling 7 to 8 ms
• Walking 10 to 14 ms

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Social Personality Development

• Temperament inborn predisposition to
  consistently behave and react in a certain way
• Seems to be stable over lifespan
• Biological and genetic bases, can be modified by
  environment

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Temperament

• Thomas Chess
• How temperamental qualities influence adjustment
  throughout life
• Rated infants activity level, mood, attention
  span
• 2/3 classified as either easy, difficult or
  slow-to-warm up
• 1/3 classified as average, did not fit in
  category

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Temperament

• Easy
• Adapt to new experiences
• Positive moods emotions
• Regular sleeping eating patterns

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Temperament

• Difficult
• Intensely emotional
• Irritable and fussy
• Cried a lot
• Irregular sleeping and eating patterns

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Temperament

• Slow-to-warm up
• Low activity level
• Withdraw from new situations and people
• Adapt to new experiences gradually

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Social Personality Development

• Attachment the emotional bond that forms
  between infant and caregiver
• Can form multiple attachments

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Attachment

• Mary Ainsworth
• Strange situation
• Secure Attachment Insecure Attachment

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Attachment

• Secure Attachment
• mother as secure base distress when mom leaves,
  greet her warmly when she returns, easily soothed
• Parents consistently warm, responsive and
  sensitive to needs

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Attachment

• Insecure Attachment
• Less likely to explore
• Anxious or indifferent
• Ignore or avoid mothers, extremely distressed
  when mother leaves, hard to soothe
• Parents neglectful, inconsistent, or insensitive
  needs

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Language Development

• Noam Chomsky
• Biological predisposition to learn language
• 10 ms loose ability to distinguish among all
  speech sounds

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Language Development

• Parents biologically programmed to encouraged
  language development
• Motherese distinct pronunciation, simplified
  vocabulary, short sentences, high pitch,
  exaggerated intonation

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Language Development

• Adult use of infant-directed speech is
  instinctive. Deaf mothers modify hand gesture
• Cross-culture, infants follow the same sequence
  of language development

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Language Development

• 3 ms cooing
• 5 ms babbling (same sounds cross-culture)
• 9 ms begin to babble in sounds specific to
  their language

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Language Development

• First words 10 13 ms (2 syllables)
• Two word structure 22 24 ms then sentences
  around 25 ms
• Before 1 yr, understand commands although cannot
  say the words
• Age 3 3,000 words. About 12 words/day

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Piaget

• Constructivist
• Theory of cognitive development
• Cognitive development is the result of child
  actively engaging in the environment and
  constructing a theory of what the world is about.

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Piaget

• 4 stages of cognitive development
• Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete
  Operational Formal Operational
• Each new stage represents a fundamental
  difference in how children think
• Continuous, gradual process
• Biologically programmed stages, unfold at
  respective ages, cross-culture

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Piaget

• Sensorimotor Stage (birth 2)
• Acquire knowledge through actions that allow
  direct experience and manipulation of objects
• Understand effect of own motor actions (reaching,
  grasping, pulling)
• By end of stage, object permanence acquired

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Piaget

• Preoperational stage (2 7)
• Symbolic thought use words images
• Egocentrism
• Irreversibility
• Perceptual centration
• Lack ability to understand conservation task

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Piaget

• Concrete Operational (7 11)
• Logical thought, but limited to tangible events
  not abstract or hypothetical
• Understands conservation
• Moves away from perceptual centration,
  irreversibility, and egocentrism

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Piaget

• Formal Operational stage (11 above)
• Think logically even with abstract or
  hypothetical situations
• Increase in sophistication throughout adolescence
  adulthood

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Evaluating Piaget

• Theory is generally supported
• Fundamental idea infants, young children
  older children use distinctly different cognitive
  abilities to construct understanding of the world
• Produced more subsequent work than any other
  theory in psychology

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Evaluating Piaget

• Underestimated cognitive abilities of infants and
  young children
• Confused motor incompetence with cognitive
  incompetence (object permanence)
• Children in preoperational stage are less
  egocentric then Piaget believed

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Evaluating Piaget

• Piaget overrepresented ability of formal
  operational stage
• Many adults only display abstract thought in
  limited areas of knowledge

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Evaluating Piaget

• Underestimated the impact of the social and
  cultural environment on cognitive development
• Didnt account for support or guidance from
  parents

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Adolescence

• Stage that marks the transition from childhood to
  adulthood
• Begins around age 12 and ends when the individual
  assumes adult roles and responsibilities

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Is Adolescence a period of turmoil or a
relatively smooth transition?
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Adolescence

• G. Stanley Hall
• Storm and Stress.
• Believed the physical changes produced
  psychological turmoil, emotional instability
  conflict with parents

• Contemporary psychologists
• Adolescence is a time for growth and positive
  development

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Board of Directors
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Do teenagers turn to parents for advice

• Research shows that most parent-adolescent
  relationships are quite positive
• If stable in childhood, then generally stable in
  adolescence

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Adolescence

• Relationships with peers important
• Peers tend to reinforce traits that parents try
  to instill, usually have friends with similar
  beliefs and morals

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Major Task is Developing an Identity

• I am

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Adolescence

• Identity a persons definition or description
  of him/herself.
• Includes values, beliefs ideas that guide the
  individual
• Identity formation continues throughout life as
  you embrace new roles
• Some fixed characteristics race, gender
• Other characteristics are self-defined

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Adolescence

• Challenge to form identity that is independent
  of parents while remaining connected to family

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Adolescence

• Erik Erikson p 392
• Theory of Psychosocial Development
• 8 phases of life characterized by psychosocial
  conflict that must be resolved in positive or
  negative directions
• Relationships with others play key role in
  determining the outcome of each conflict

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Adolescence Moral Reasoning

• Change in Moral Reasoning
• Ability to think abstractly increases thinking on
  moral issues
• Theory of Moral Development Lawrence Kohlberg
• P. 392-393

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Adolescence Moral Reasoning

• Whether you think Heinz should or shouldnt steal
  the drug isnt the critical question, its the
  reasoning you use to justify your answer

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Adolescence Moral Reasoning

• Three stages of moral development
• Preconventional (10 yrs) based on
  self-interest, avoiding punishment, maximizing
  personal gain
• Conventional (10-adulthood) emphasize social
  roles, rules, obligations
• Postconventional self-chosen ethical principles

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Adolescence Moral Reasoning

• Each level based on degree to which person
  conforms to conventional standards of society
• In longitudinal study, 58 subjects, only 8
  displayed stage 5 and none displayed stage 6.
• Kohlberg eventually dropped stage 6

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Is moral development different for males
females?

• Are there cultural differences in moral
  development?

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Adolescence Moral Reasoning

• Carol Gilligan
• Moral reasoning theory based on ethic of care and
  responsibility
• Found women tend to stress importance of
  maintaining relationships and responding to needs
  of others