KAL 007

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KAL 007
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KAL 007

• Korea Air Lines 007
• 31 August 1983
• 400 a.m.
• Anchorage Airport, Alaska
• To Seoul, Korea

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KAL 007
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KAL 007
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Command and Control
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Command and Control
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Command and Control
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Machine

• Mechanical Interaction
• Physical artifacts
• Knob, handle, switch, etc.
• Ergonometric
• Operation governed by the physical constraints
  of the machines.

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Control and Display
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Control and Display
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Force and Precision
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Force and Precision
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Mission Impossible
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Mission Impossible
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Homer Simpson Springfield Nuclear Plant
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Control Centre
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Control Centre
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Control Centre
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Control Centre

• Characteristics
• Multiple users
• Shared display screen
• Physical operation control
• Check and balance among operators
• Use of physical distance

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Car Steering
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Car Steeling
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Cybernetics

• Negative Feedback System
• In General System Theory
• Imagine you need to drive in a straight line in
  a rough road.
• What will be the movement of your steering wheel?

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Cybernetics

• Automatic System
• Negative feedback loop will maintain the state
  of the system.
• Positive deviation will trigger a negative
  action.
• Negative deviation will trigger a positive
  action.

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Thermostat
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The System

• The System includes
• Environment
• Active agent
• Control artifacts
• The mechanism

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Ecology

• Ecological Approach
• Environment
• Perception
• Interaction with the environment
• Making use of the artifacts
• Opposed to the Information Processing approach
  of cognition

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Information Processing
Mental model
Information Processing
Input - stimulus
Output - behaviour
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Information Processing

• Try to design an Information Processing model for
  driving a car
• What are the input stimuli?
• What is the mental model?
• What are the output behaviors?

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Real World Driving

• Actual driving session
• Is there any clear mental model of the route
  from starting point to destination?
• Numerous inputs at any moment.
• Complexity of situation cannot be explained by
  rules.
• No concrete plan before sitting on the driver
  seat.

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Real World Driving

• What does it mean?
• The actual situation provides information cues.
• The physical artifacts suggest methods of usage.
• Affordance

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Affordance

• The classic example
• Door knobs can be either PUSH or PULL.
• Design two door knobs such that the first one
  can only be pushed and the second one can only be
  pulled.

What is it about this object that makes people
want to use it this way?
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Door Knob
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Door Knob
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Door Knob
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Door Knob
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Door Knob
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Affordance

• The mechanism
• Visual information may not be adequate to
  perceive the affordance.
• May need to start interacting with the artifact
  to perceive the affordance.

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Affordance
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Affordance

• Embedded Information
• Information on the usage of the hammer is
  embedded in the world, i.e. the hammer and its
  environment.
• Information does not need to reside in the
  memory of the user.

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The Usage

• How the hammer is used?
• As a tool to drive nail into wood.
• Continued interaction among the body of the
  carpenter, the hammer, the nail and the piece of
  wood.
• What the carpenter concerns is to drive the nail
  into wood.
• The hammer extends the body of the carpenter.

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The Key Moment

• How the hammer is used?
• The carpenter will not be aware of the existing
  of the hammer when working.
• Until something wrong happens, like hitting the
  finger, breaking the nail, etc.

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Look familiar
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Look familiar

• Remember the moments
• When you concentrate on tracing an image in
  Illustrator.
• When the mouse reaches the edge of your desk.

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Hammer Again
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Interacting with This

• The mechanism
• One does not interact with the hammer by its
  internal representation.
• But through the physical body and the actual
  object.

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Virtual Interaction

• Remember Virtual Reality last week
• You are one single point with no volume, no
  weight in the 3D Cartesian space.
• Interaction is through immersive head mounted
  display, CAVE, data glove, etc.
• The world is the numeric representation of
  something.

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Virtual Interaction
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Virtual Interaction
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Virtual Interaction Trip
How to describe it?
Timothy Leary (1920 1996)
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Virtual Interaction Trip
Osmose Char Davis
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Alternatives

• What else?
• Embodied interaction
• Pervasive computing
• Tangible interaction
• Social interaction
• Augmented reality

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Embodied Interaction

• What is it?
• Everyday life in everyday world.
• Leverage on the usual practice of bodily
  interaction.
• Interaction occurs in real situations with
  context.

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Pervasive Computing

• Anywhere
• Computing environment with information and
  communication technology everywhere, for everyone
  at any time.
• Context awareness
• Location awareness

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Social Interaction

• You are not alone
• Interaction can be social.
• Not only human machine dialog.
• Platform for interaction among human subjects.
• Creation of situations.
• Creation of communication methods.

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Social Interaction
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Augmented Reality
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Augmented Reality
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Case Studies
IDEO Prada Dressing Room