Chapter Sixteen: Chemical Compounds

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Chapter SixteenChemical Compounds

• Miss Sutliff and Mrs. Spencer
• Marine View Middle School

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Section OneIonic and Covalent Compounds

• What are ionic compounds?
• What are the properties of ionic compounds?

• Compounds that contain ionic bonds. Formed by the
  reaction of a metal and a nonmetal.
• Tend to be brittle
• have a crystal lattice pattern
• shatter when hit
• high melting points
• solid at room temperature
• dissolve easy in water
• conduct electricity when dissolved in water

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Section OneIonic and Covalent Compounds

• What are covalent compounds?
• What are the properties of covalent compounds?

• Compounds composed of atoms that are covalently
  bonded. Created when atoms share electrons.
• Exist as independent particles called molecules
• Weaker bonds create lower melting points
• Many do not dissolve in water
• If they do dissolve, they do not conduct
  electrical current

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Section TwoAcids, Bases, and Salts

• What is an acid?
• What are the properties of acids?
• What are the uses of acids?

• Any compound that increases the number of
  hydrogen ions when dissolved in water
• Sour taste, corrosive destroy body tissue,
  react with metals to form gases, conduct an
  electrical current in a solution, changes blue
  litmus paper to red
• Production of metals, paper, paint, detergents,
  and fertilizer. Used to clean pools, and in
  digestion.

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Section TwoAcids, Bases, and Salts

• What are strong acids?
• Examples?
• What are weak acids?
• Examples?

• When all the molecules of an acid break apart in
  water to produce hydrogen ions
• Sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and hydrochloric acid
• When few molecules of an acid break apart in
  water to produce hydrogen ions
• Acetic acid, citric acid, carbonic acid, and
  phosphoric acid

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Section TwoAcids, Bases, and Salts

• What are bases?
• What are the properties of bases?
• What are the uses of bases?

• Any compound that increases the number of
  hydroxide ions when dissolved in water
• Bitter taste, feels slippery, corrosive,
  solutions conduct electrical current, changes red
  litmus paper blue
• To make soap and paper unclog drains to make
  cement, mortar, plaster, and fertilizer as
  household cleaners, and antacids

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Section TwoAcids, Bases, and Salts

• What is a strong base?
• Examples?
• What is a weak base?
• Examples?

• When all of the molecules of a base break apart
  in water to produce hydroxide ions
• Sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, potassium
  hydroxide
• When only a few of the molecules of a base break
  apart in water to produce hydroxide ions
• Ammonia, magnesium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide

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Section TwoAcids, Bases, and Salts

• What is pH?
• What is the pH scale?
• Acids?
• Neutral?
• Bases?

• The measure of the hydronium ion and hydrogen ion
  concentration in a solution
• Used to describe how acidic or basic a solution
  is
• pH less than seven
• pH of 7 (water)
• pH greater than 7

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Section TwoAcids, Bases, and Salts

• How is pH tested?
• What are examples of pH in the environment?

• Using an indicator, or a substance that changes
  color in the presence of an acid or base
• Litmus are paper strips
• Plants like pine trees, 4-6
• Plants like lettuce, 8-9
• Clean rain, 6
• Acid rain, 3-5
• Sea water, 8.2-8.5

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Section TwoAcids, Bases, and Salts

• What are salts?
• How are salts produced?
• What are uses of salts?

• Ionic compounds formed from the positive ion of a
  base and a negative ion of an acid
• Neutralization of an acid and a base
• Reaction of a metal and an acid
• Reaction of a metal and a nonmetal
• To season food to produce lye, hydrochloric
  acid, and baking soda preserve foods deice roads

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Section ThreeOrganic Compounds

• What are organic compounds?
• How many bonds does each carbon atom form?
• What 6 elements make up living organisms?

• Covalent compounds composed of carbon-based
  molecules. 90 of all compounds
• Each carbon atom forms four bonds, because carbon
  has four valence electrons
• C, H, N, O, P, S

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Section ThreeOrganic Compounds

• What are biochemicals?
• What are the four types of biochemicals?

• Organic compounds made by living things
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic Aids

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Section ThreeOrganic Compounds

• What are carbohydrates?

• Biochemicals that are composed of one or more
  simple sugars bonded together
• Composed of C, H, and O
• Used as a source of energy and energy storage
• Simple (glucose, fructose, sucrose-white sugar)
  OR complex (starches like bread, cereal, pasta)

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Section ThreeOrganic Compounds

• What are lipids?

• Biochemicals that do not dissolve in water
  including fats (from animals), oils (from
  plants), waxes, and steroids
• Used in storing energy making up cell membranes
  (phospholipid bilayer) storing of vitamins in
  the body transportation of hormones in the body
• Composed of C, H, P

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Section ThreeOrganic Compounds

• What are proteins?

• Biochemicals that are composed of amino acids
• Regulate chemical activity in the body
  transportation and storage of materials
  providing structural support
• Composed of C, H, O, N
• Hair, spider web, hemoglobin, insulin, and enzymes

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Section ThreeOrganic Compounds

• What are nucleic acids?

• Biochemicals that store information and help
  build proteins
• blueprints of life- contains all of the info
  needed for cells to make proteins
• DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid in the nucleus
• RNA- ribonucleic acid in the cytoplasm
• Composed of C, H, N, O, P

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Section ThreeOrganic Compounds

• What are hydrocarbons?
• What are saturated hydrocarbons?
• (ex. Propane)
• What are unsaturated hydrocarbons?

• Organic compounds composed of only carbon and
  hydrogen
• A hydrocarbon in which each carbon atom in the
  molecule shares a single bond with each of four
  other atoms (aka alkanes)
• A hydrocarbon in which at least two carbon atoms
  share a double bond (alkenes) or a triple bond
  (alkynes)

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Section ThreeOrganic Compounds

• What are aromatic hydrocarbons?
• What are examples of other organic compounds?

• A hydrocarbon in which a ring of six carbons have
  alternating single and double bonds
• Moth balls, and air fresheners
• Alkyl halide, alcohols, organic acids, and esters