Stages

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Stages

• Stage Theories - theories that describe important
  events in terms of age-defined stages.
• Stage theories provide teachers with information.
• 1. About the sequence of human development
• 2. About the most likely behaviors of children
  in different stages
• 3. About the factors that facilitate transition
  from one stage to the next.

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Cognitive Development

• Cognitive development refers to the stages and
  processes involved in the childs intellectual
  development.
• Cognitive theorists are concerned with how we
  obtain, process, and use information.
• Piaget provided the most influential childhood
  development theory of this century.

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Basic Piagetian Ideas

• Assimilation and accommodation permit adaptation
  and they are inseparable processes.
• The human newborn continually seeks out and
  responds to stimulation.
• Assimilation involves making a response that has
  already been acquired.
• Accommodation requires changing the response.

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Sensorimotor Intelligence

• Sensorimotor Intelligence (0 to 2 yrs) - infants
  understand the world only in terms of actions
  they perform and the sensations that result.
• Object concept - the notion that objects have a
  permanence and identity of their own and that
  they continue to exist even when outside of the
  childs frame of reference.
• Imitation or internal representation - the means
  by which young infants develop understanding and
  learn things by imitating.

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Pre-Operational Period

• Pre-operational period (2 to 7 years) - described
  in two sub-stages.
• Preconceptual thought (2 to 4) - using incomplete
  or illogical concepts.
• Intuitive thought (4 to 7) - thinking becomes
  more logical, but still dominated by perception
  rather than reason. It is characterized by
  egocentricity, improper classification, and
  intuition.

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Concrete Operations

• Transition from pre-operational to concrete is
  marked by the use of conservation.
• Concrete operations (7 to 11 or 12) - thinking is
  characterized by rules of logic. Their thought
  processes apply to real, concrete objects and
  events. They can apply rules of logic to
  classes, to relations (series) and to numbers.

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Formal Operations and Beyond

• Formal Operations - Age 11 or 12 to 14 or 15 -
  Last of Piagetian stages. Characterized by the
  childs ability to use the logical thought
  process. There is a greater ability to use
  deductive reasoning.

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Trend in Information Processing

• Attention is more focused
• decrease is distractability
• increase in the intention to learn
• Develop more effective learning strategies
• rehearsal
• organization
• elaboration

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Educational Implications of Vygotskys Theory

• Vygotskys social cognitive theory stresses the
  importance of culture and of its principle
  invention, language.
• The three underlying themes of Vygotskys theory
  are
• 1. The importance of culture.
• 2. The role of language.
• Social speech - to control the behavior of
  others.
• Egocentric speech - bridge between the highly
  public social speech of the first stage and the
  highly private inner speech of the third stage.
• Inner speech - self-talk.

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Educational Implications of Vygotskys Theory
(cont.)

• Scaffolding - the large number of different
  methods by which teachers provide support for
  students as they learn.

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Five Educational Implications of Vygotskys Theory

• 1. Education develops childrens
  personalities.
• 2. Schools should provide opportunities for the
  development of creative potential.
• 3. Students must be active participants in
  the teaching/learning process.
• 4. Teaching should be a collaborative process
  with the students.
• 5. Most effective teaching methods consider
  individual differences.

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Bilingual Programs

• Bilingual programs strive to develop a high level
  of competency in a second language.
• Effects of bilingualism
• 1. Subtractive Bilingualism when learning a
  second language has a negative influence.
• 2. Additive Bilingualism when learning a
  second language has a positive influence.
• 3. Transitional Bilingualism when the native
  language is completely replaced by the
  dominant language within a few generations.

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