Expansion through Modification

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Expansion through Modification
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Volunteers have passed through Hi Phi Phi.
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More than 2,000 volunteers from dozens of
countries have now passed through Hi Phi Phi.
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Volunteers have passed through Hi Phi Phi.

• More than 2,000 volunteers from dozens of
  countries have now passed through Hi Phi Phi.

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Miss Thailand gracefully waved her hand to the
crowd.

• Language development began in the earliest
  meeting place.

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Modification is to add details to a noun or a
verb
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1.Noun Modification2.Verb Modification
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Noun Modification1.1 Pre-noun Modifiers.-
Single Words Adj, Verbal (V.ing V.ed), N. - A
Series of Modifiers
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The man is clever.- clever man.

• Her personality is strong.
• - Strong personality

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The man is walking.- walking man

• Chinese course was selected.
• - Selected Chinese course

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The book cover is made of leather.

• - The leather book cover

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The coffee maker

• - The machine makes coffee.

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- A Series of Modifiers
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A famous traditional Korean movie

• It is a movie.
• -It is a Korean movie
• -It is a traditional movie.
• - It is a famous movie

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Virtually all the funds, equipment and technology
for these projects have been wheedled or cajoled
by Krisher from his network of friends and
contacts.
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Lancaster City football club supporters
Lancaster City football club supporters
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air-conditioned navy-blue Toyota cars

• air-conditioned car
• navy-blue car
• Toyota cars

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the most known active volcano

• most known
• active volcano
• most known volcano

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1.2 Post-noun Modifiers

• 1.2.1 Adjective Clause (relative clause)
• Im just a guy whos been lucky.
• Whales are animals that breathe air.
• (Whales are air-breathing animals)

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The villagers are afraid of tigers that eat men.

• The villagers are afraid of man-eating tigers.

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This is the woman whose son I love.

• The library at which my father works is closed
  today.

The library where my father works is closed today.
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Bills advisors are the members of the staff with
whom he plays golf or cards.
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Restrictive / Defining relative clause-
necessary to the meaning of the sentence.
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Lin returned to his native Taiwan and set up the
Cloud Gate Dance Theater, which specialized in
adaptations of Beijing operas and Chinese epics
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2.2 Verbal Phrase V.ing, V.ed-The police who
followed the crown prince died yesterday.

• The police following the crown prince died
  yesterday

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Montree, who followed the crown prince, died
yesterday

• Montree, following the crown prince, died
  yesterday

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Finally he got the scholarship to study abroad

• Finally he got the scholarship.
• The scholarship was to study abroad.

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2.3 Adjective Phrase

• The two golfers, happy about their victory,
  compared their scores after the match.

The two golfers who were happy about their
victory compared their scores after the match.
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2.4 Prepositional Phrase

• The woman in that car is my mother.

The national museum in Suphanburi was built 7
years ago.
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2.5 Appositive

• The principal, Dr. Thongchai, had a speech this
  morning.

The Police General Director appointed my father,
Colonel Pitak Santirad, head of the Phayathai
Police Station
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It is not common to have a lot of different adj.
attached to the same head noun. If you find
yourself worrying about the order of 5 6
different adjs. that describe the same N., then
whatever you do, the result is going to be
extremely poor style.
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But you may well have 2 3 adjs. In this case,
the general rule is.
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1. Opinion/ordinary adj.- silly, beautiful,
horrible, difficult2. Size- large, tiny,
enomous, little3. Age ancient, new, young,
old4. Shape- square, round, flat5. Color6.
Origin/Nationality7. Material metal, cotton,
paper8. Purpose V.ingsleeping bag 9. Head
Noun
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Large black eyes

• A famous electric shaver

Three young Irish girls
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Verb Modification

• 1. Single Word

• Adverb
• The children are playing outside

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Dr. Chatthai left for Chonburi yesterday.

• Miss Thailand gracefully waved her hand to the
  crowd.

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He slowly ran around the table.
He ran slowly around the table.
Slowly, he ran around the table.
He ran around the table. slowly
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2. Phrase

• - Prepositional Phrase

- Language development began at the dawn of
history.
- Language development began through gestures and
grunts.
- Language development began for social reasons.
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- Infinitive Phrase

• - Ken sent Pim an e-mail to tell her about the
  scholarship.

- Ken sent Pim an e-mail.
- Ken told Pim about the scholarship.
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- Verbal Phrase

• -The two ladies spent hours visiting several
  shops in the mall.

-The two ladies spent hours
-The two ladies visited several shops in the mall.
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-The two ladies visiting several shops spent
hours in the mall.

• Tell you which ladies the writer is talking about

-The two ladies spent hours visiting several
shops in the mall
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The hunters walked through the woods for hours
looking for the tigers.
The hunters walked through the woods for hours
while looking for the tigers.

• Add connectors like when, while, and although to
  the phrase in order to give specific details.

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3. Clause
Adverb Clause

• - Everybody applauded when he finished speaking.

- Good conversation may be found where
intellectuals gather to exchange ideas.
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4. Absolute
The exam over, the students left the room.
The exam was over.
The students left the room.
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When the exam was over, the students left the
room.
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The old man open his birthday present.- His
hands were trembling with excitement.

• - The old man open his birthday present, his
  hands trembling with excitement

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- The old man open his birthday present while his
hands were trembling with excitement.
-The books catalogued, we began to shelve them.
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-We began to shelve the books.
The books were catalogued.