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Tissues, Organ Systems and Homeostasis

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Title: Tissues, Organ Systems and Homeostasis


1
Tissues, Organ Systems and Homeostasis
  • B. L. Krilowicz
  • Biology 155
  • Winter 2005

2
Organization of the Animal Body
  • Animals bodies exhibit hierarchical organization
  • Biological molecules are organized into
    organelles (ex. Phospholipids and proteins are
    arranged into the plasma membrane)
  • Organelles are organized into a cell (ex. Nucleus
    plasma membrane cytoplasm proper many
    organelles cell)

3
Organization of the Animal Body (continued)
  • Hierarchical organization continued
  • Groups of similar cells are organized into
    tissues (ex. Cardiac muscle cells are organized
    into the tissue, cardiac muscle) Note that the
    evolution of multicellular living forms required
    development of tissues
  • Two or more tissues are organized to form an
    organ (ex. Cardiac muscle tissue connective
    tissue epithelial tissue the heart provides
    force to move blood)

4
Organization of the Animal Body (continued)
  • Hierarchical organization continued
  • Organs are organized into organ systems (ex.
    Heart blood vessels blood cardiovascular
    system function is transport)
  • Organ systems are organized into an organism
  • (ex. An animal consists of 11 organ systems)

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6
Embryonic Tissues all adult tissues are derived
from one of three embryonic tissues
Ectoderm outside skin
gut
Mesoderm middle skin
Cross section through embryo
Endoderm inside skin
Animal embryo
7
Fate of Embryonic Tissues
  • Ectoderm will become the outer covering of the
    body and the nervous system
  • Mesoderm will become the muscles and internal
    skeletons
  • Endoderm will become the lining of the
    gastrointestinal tract, lungs, vessels and ducts

8
Adult Tissues
  • Definition groups of cells with similar
    structure, embryonic origin, and function cells
    are bound together by extracellular material and
    function together to perform a specific task
  • There are four main types of adult tissues in the
    animal body

9
Epithelial Tissues
  • Source may be derived from any tissue in the
    embryo
  • Function mainly protective, therefore they
    cover all free surfaces of the body can be
    specialized for absorption, excretion, secretion,
    etc.

10
Epithelial Tissues (continued)
  • Characteristics
  • Closely joined cells with little extracellular
    material between the cells
  • Presence of a basement membrane secreted by the
    epithelial cells separates the epithelial cells
    from underlying tissues
  • One free surface not in contact with other cells

11
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12
Epithelial Tissues (continued)
  • Classification ask and answer two questions
  • How many cell layers above the basement membrane?
  • Simple one layer of cells used for exchange
    (ex. Diffusion of gases in the alveoli of the
    lungs, absorption in the small intestine see
    previous slide)
  • Stratified more than one layer of cells used
    for protection (ex. the outer layer of the skin
    see board)

13
Epithelial Tissues (continued)
  • Classification continued
  • What shape are the cells? (when viewed from the
    side)
  • Flat and thin squamous used to maximize
    diffusion (non-energy requiring exchange where
    things move from an area of high to an area of
    low concentration) ex. Alveoli of lungs,
    capillaries
  • Look like squares cuboidal used to maximize
    energy requiring exchange such as absorption and
    excretion (things can move from an area of low
    concentration to an area of high concentration)
    ex. respiratory system
  • Tall and thin columnar as cuboidal above ex.
    Small intestine

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15
Connective Tissues
  • Source may be derived from any tissue in the
    embryo
  • Function many, but generally holds things
    together in the body can be specialized to give
    structure to and protect body parts

16
Connective Tissues (continued)
  • Characteristics
  • Few cells
  • Lots of extracellular material between the cells
    extracellular material is produced by the cells
    and is called matrix
  • Matrix consists of
  • Protein fibers
  • Ground substance non-fibrous proteins other
    molecules
  • Fluid

17
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18
Connective Tissues (continued)
  • Classification ask and answer one question
  • What is the nature of the extracellular matrix?
  • Fluid tissue is blood, functions in gas
    transport

19
(Matrix)
20
Connective Tissues (continued)
  • Classification ask and answer one question
  • What is the nature of the extracellular matrix?
    (continued)
  • Solid
  • Mainly protein fibers connective tissue proper
    (ex. Loose and dense connective tissues, adipose)
  • Protein fibers ground substance special
    connective tissues (ex. Bone and cartilage)

21
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22
Muscle Tissues
  • Source derived from the embryonic mesoderm
  • Function allows movement of the body or
    movement within the body
  • Characteristics
  • Closely joined cells with little extracellular
    material
  • Contain specialized protein fibers capable of
    contraction

23
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24
Muscle Tissue (continued)
  • Classification
  • Cardiac Muscle heart muscle
  • One, centrally located nucleus
  • Presence of striations
  • Short, branched cells
  • Presence of intercalated discs
  • involuntary

25
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26
Muscle Tissue (continued)
  • Classification
  • Skeletal Muscle
  • Many, peripherally located nuclei
  • Presence of striations
  • long, thin cells
  • voluntary

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28
Muscle Tissue (continued)
  • Classification
  • Smooth Muscle found in hollow organs
  • One, centrally located nucleus
  • no striations
  • Short, tapered cells
  • involuntary

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30
Nervous Tissue
  • Source derived from the embryonic ectoderm
  • Function communication
  • Characteristics
  • Electrically excitable cells (neurons with cell
    body and processes), or
  • Cells that support, nourish and protect the
    neurons (glia)
  • Classification none

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32
Animal Organ Systems
33
Animal Organ Systems - continued
34
Animal Organ Systems - continued
35
Animal Organ Systems - continued
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