Rationale

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Rationale
Elemental composition measurements of PM needed
to Apportion source contributions
Understand Health Effects Ambient
compliance monitoring Stack emissions
monitoring Current Methods 12 24
hour sampling on filters Temporal
resolution insufficient for statistical (e.g.,
factor analysis), long with
respect to changes in wind direction, mixing
height, source emission fluctuations
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Our Original Prototype HFAS
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Particles (gt80 nm) In Droplets Out!
0.7 µm
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Virtual Impactor Captures gt95 of the Droplets
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Co-located SEAS at the Baltimore Supersite, Ponca
St.

• 2 identical units in
• Separate Seas Room HEPA-filtered air
  Quartz heaters for room heat

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Fraction Collector Sealed in Plastic BoxSamples
suitable for Metals Cytokine assays
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Slurry Volumes Collected by Co-located units
agree well
Deviations related to differences in inlet
impactor
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• Cytokine Assays
• A metric of Imuno Inflammatory response - has
  been shown to be elicited by metals and might
  explain inflammatory response induced by
  inhalation of PM
• FMC results show
• -Dose response curves linear!
• Cytokine assays have sufficient sensitivity to
  detect variations in 30-min aerosol slurry
  samples

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Cytokine responses were successfully measured in
30-min Aerosol Slurry Samples at FMC Response
exceeds that by endotoxins
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Bus Parked near inlet
OFPP not resolved in 5 hr data
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• Time-Resolved Elements
• Show Enormous Excursions
• Baltimore Supersite Data for Se Show Coal Boiler
  Plumes
• At Clifton Park
• (each figure shows approx. 4 days of 30 min
  measurements)
• Elevated concentrations are observed at WDs
  150o to 220o and 175o to 200o, but not at other
  directions
• Peak Concs. 12x background 6X 24-hr avg

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160o
coal-fired power plants
Se
190o
190o
160o
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Peak Concentrations are Typically 6x Greater than
24-hr Avg. Conc. and 12x the Background.
Peak Conc 12 ng/m3
Background Conc 11 ng/m3
Daily Avg Conc 2.2 ng/m3
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• Tampa Bay Regional Air Chemistry Experiment
• (figure shows approx. 2 days of 30 min
  measurements)
• Pb and sometimes Al concentrations highly
  elevated wind angle 270o, Battery Recycling
  Plant CFPPSe not observed Power plant ruled
  out!
• Peak Concs. 10x background

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Half-hourly elemental concentrations in ambient
air
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Major facilities in the Westerly direction
Gulf Coast Recycling
Hillsborough incinerator
Hookers Point, PP
Sydney Supersite
Gannon PP
Pinellas incinerator
Nitram
FPC, Bartow
FPC
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• Pittsburgh Supersite
• Data for Metals and Sulfate
• (each figure shows approx. 2 days of 30 min
  measurements)
• Elevated concentrations are observed at WDs 0o
  to 120o
• Peak Concs. Up to 50x background
• Highest metals correspond to Lowest Sulfate
  concs.

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Pittsburgh Supersite July 16, 17, 18 Data
show 3 major influences
220o to 270
130o
130o
190 to 270o
190o
Steel Plant
SS Alloy or Glass plant
Coke Plant?
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Closing Remarks
High-Frequency Aerosol Slurry Sampler is
producing exquisitely time-resolved composition
data - Temporal characteristics of
emission sources and atmospheric concentrations
ranges readily observed - gt10-fold excursions-
- concentration peaks readily related to
wind directions and are consistent with
locations of sources - Large data sets
obtained in just a few days ideally suited to
advanced factor analysis - Resolution
of individual sources demonstrated -
Unprecedented degree of source resolution
achieved - Cytokine Assays for
inflammatory response of aerosol looks
promising
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Acknowledgements

• US EPA Supersites Program
• US DOE National Energy Technology Laboratory
• US EPA STAR Grant Program
• Electric Power Research Institute
• Florida Department of Environment Protection -
  (Grant No. 431205)
• Baltimore Supersite Project UMCP
• Christopher Kidwell, Patrick Pancras, Sarala
  Gazula, Yu Chen Chang
• Katherine Squibb, Jan Powell, Robert Mitkus -
  UMAB
• St. Louis Supersite Project
• Jay Turner, Meg Yu Washington Univ.
• Pittsburgh Supersite Project Spryos Pandis,
  Allen Robinson Carnegie Mellon Univ.
• BRACE Noreen Poor(UF), R. K.
  Stevens (FDEP), Matt Landis (EPA)

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Cytokines Regulate Pulmonary Immune Response to
Bacteria
Immune Response 1. Antigens in
bacteriums cell wall stimulates cytokine
release 2. Cytokines summon activate
macrophages 3. Macrophages engulf
bacterium, release Reactive Oxidant Species (ROS)
Bacterium
Cytokines
O2-
ROS burst
Pulmonary epithelial cells
Pulmonary epithelial cells
Particle Response
Particle constituents or surface STIMULATE or
SURPRESS cytokine release -Stimulation
enhances inflammation, tissue damage, vascular
permeability changes, and air way
constriction. Tissue damage can lead to fluid
imbalance which can affect
cardiopulmonary function. -Suppression
enhances incidence of bacterial infection