Objectives of the Study

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• Objectives of the Study
• The overall objective of the study is to analyze
  the poverty situation, the effects of development
  program on poverty reduction and peoples
  perception on IRDP. The study aims to suggest
  appropriate strategies for poverty alleviation in
  future. The specific objectives are
• To review the poverty situation in Quang Tri
  province
• To compare socio-economic characteristics of poor
  and non-poor households in the study area
• To find out determinants of income and causes of
  poverty
• To assess the effects on poverty reduction of the
  Integrated Rural Development Program
• (UNDP)
• To study people's perception on the development
  activities adopted by the IRDP and
• To recommend and suggest development planning
  strategies for poverty alleviation.
• Hypotheses of the Study
• Based on the aforementioned objectives, the
  following hypotheses could be formulated.

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A. Hypothesis Related to Objective 2 There are
significant differences between poor and non-poor
household in various socioeconomic aspects.
A-1 The poor households tend to have younger
household head as compared with the non-poor
households. A-2 There is a relationship
between households head gender and household
income. A-3 The poor households tend to
have similar household size but higher dependency
ratio than the non-poor households. A-4
The poor households have limited access to land
than the non-poor households. A-5
Productive asset value of non-poor households is
significant higher than that of poor households
A-6 The non-poor households have a
significantly higher proportion of income from
non-agriculture than the poor households.
A-7 The non-poor households have higher absolute
value and proportion of
production expenditure than the poor households.
A-8 The poor households have a low
productivity and less diversified cropping
pattern the than the non-poor households.
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A-9 The poor households have a lower rate
of non-farm employment than the nonpoor
households. A-10 The poor households have a
limited marketing option than the
non-poor households. A-11 The poor
households are more vulnerable to natural
disaster than the non-poor households.
A-12 The poor households have less education,
health and physical living condition than the
non-poor households A-13 The poor
households have less accessibility to credit than
the non-poor households. A-14 The poor
households have less accessibility to knowledge
and skill than the non- poor households.
Hypothesis Related to Objective 3 In rural
households, income is mainly determined by farm
size, value of productive asset, rice
productivity, employment and the number of
household members. Hypotheses Related to
Objective 4 C-l The implementation of Quang Tri
Integrated Rural Development Project (IRDP) has
significantly increased the income of people in
the study area. C-2 The effect of IRDP is equal
for all income groups of the community.
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Hypothesis Related to Objective 5 There is
a relationship between the level of income earned
and the level of satisfaction on poverty
reduction activities induced by the IRDP. Data
Analysis and Techniques The research is based on
both quantitative and qualitative data analysis
hereunder. Quantitative analysis 1.1 .
Descriptive statistics Cross-tabulation, bar and
pie charts and others were used for data
presentation in response to all objectives of the
study. For data description, mean, median, mode,
percentage, frequency and ratio were widely
applied to study various dimensions of poverty,
effects of the IRDP and people's satisfaction on
the Program. An index was applied to measure the
level of benefit gained from several program
activities as perceived by local people. 1.2
Analytical statistics Chi- square, T-test and
ANOVA (F-test) Chi square test, Hest and ANOVA
were applied to compare a range of indicators
between the poor and non-poor households as well
as between the situation in the period of before
and after the Program. The chi-square test is
applicable for nominal and ordinal measurement.
T-test and ANOVA are applicable for interval and
ratio measurements. The T-test is used to
compare means between two groups. ANOVA is used
to compare means of more than two groups.
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Factor Analysis " Factor analysis is a
statistical technique used to identify a
relatively small number of factor that can be
used to represent relationship among sets many
interrelated variables" (Norusis, 1990 quoted by
Tiwary LP.) indicating which and to what degree
variables relate to an underlying and undefined
factor (Kim and Mueller, 1996 quoted by Tiwary
LP.). The factor analysis was adopted to analyze
socio-economic condition of the poor in order to
find underlying factors explaining well-being of
people. the factor analysis also is useful to
derive a set of un-correlated variables for
further analysis by a multiple regression. Multipl
e Regression Multiple regression analysis was
applied to analyze determinants of income. The
results of this analysis enabled us to identify a
relationship between dependent and independent
variables and the level of significance of each
variable which are shown through the model. The
form of multiple regression model is as follow Y
a b1 X1 b2X2 b3X3 b4X4 b5X5
b6X6 b7X7 b8X8 b9X9 b10X10 b11 X11
b12X12
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Construction of Indices According to Md.
Abdul Quader Miah (1993), indices of this study
are formulated as follow. Weighted Average Index
(W AI) of cause of poverty W AI 1st (1.0)
2nd (0.5) 3rd (0.33) 4th (0.25) 5th
(0.20)6th (0.16) / ? ith rank Where 1st rank
Frequency of 1st rank cause of poverty 2nd rank
Frequency of 2nd rank cause of poverty 3rd rank
Frequency of 3rd rank cause of poverty 4th rank
Frequency of 4th rank cause of poverty 5th rank
Frequency of 5th rank cause of poverty 6th rank
Frequency of 6th rank cause of poverty Measurement
of benefit gained WAI NB(0.0) LB(0.33)
MB(0.66) HB(1.0)/n Where WAI Weighted
Average Index of perceived benefit
NB No benefitLB Low benefit MB Moderate
benefit HB High benefit
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Measurement of benefit gained WAI
VLB(0.2) LB(0.4) MB(0.6) HB(0.8)
VHB(1.0)/n Where WAI Weighted Average Index
of perceived benefit
VLB Very Low benefitLB Low benefit MB Moderate
benefit HB High benefit VHB Very High benefit
Measurement of satisfaction toward
IRDP WAI DD(-1.0) NN( 0) SS(1.0)
/n Where WAI Weighted Average Index of
perceived satisfaction
DD Dissatisfied NN Neutral SS satisfied
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Qualitative Analysis A descriptive analysis
is involved to substantiate quantitative data on
key parameter of poverty analysis. This is
helpful to understand the causes of poverty,
effects and process of changes in rural
households under implementation of IRDP. It is
also helpful in analyzing effects induced by IRDP
on poverty alleviation. Techniques to be used
include problem matrix, problem loop and SWOT
analysis. Problem matrix was used to analyze
causal relationship of poverty perceived by local
people. A total score of each problem is summed
up. As a result, the ranking of each problem
could be determined from the highest to the
lowest. The highest ranks are the core causes of
poverty. Problem loop was used to show
the interrelationship of various problems already
analyzed in the problem matrix. The core causes
of the poverty show their extensive linkage with
other problems.' SWOT analysis was applied to
analyze the effectiveness of the IRDP. Major
elements leading to strengths, weaknesses,
opportunities and threats of the IRDP are
identified by this technique.