Thinking about Words

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Thinking about Words
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The Vocabulary Pyramid
Word
Problem Solving
(Lubliner Scott, 2008)
Word Consciousness
Wide Reading Read Alouds
Rich Oral Language
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Consider

• Words are the building blocks of communication

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Learning New Words

• to understand them when we are listening and
  reading (receptive vocabulary) and
• to be able to use them when we are talking and
  writing (productive vocabulary).

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Such as
Words tied to specific content
molecular, settlers, ecosystems,
hypotenuse or Words that add richness and
depth to writing despicable,
vacillate, translucent, grim
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Dolch Word List

• The Dolch Word List is a list of frequently used
  words compiled by Edward William Dolch, PhD. The
  list was originally published in his book
  Problems in Reading in 1948.

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Dolch Word List
a as again about any all away ate after better am
be over always both an black but around bring and
brown cold ask carry are by cut because clean at c
ame fast been could big did first before done blue
eat five best dont call fall fly buy draw can fi
nd four does drink come for give far eight
look on please round there make one or sleep these
me put our small think out saw pull take those pl
ay said read tell together
pretty she start thank use ran sit say that very r
ed some sing they want ride stop six this warm run
three soon too wash see today ten try went so two
upon under what the was us walk when to will who
well where up work why were which we yes wish whit
e would you yellow your with write
do get goes found every down going from full hurt
funny have got gave know go her green grow light g
ood him had hold myself he his has how never help
if hot just own here into its keep pick I laugh lo
ng kind right in let made much seven is live many
must shall it may new now show jump my not off the
ir like no of once them little old open only then
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What are these?
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What are these?
Trebuchet
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What are these?
Trebuchet
Carabiners
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What are these?
Trebuchet
Carabiners
Philtrum
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What are these?
Lateral Malleolus
Trebuchet
Carabiners
Philtrum
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acronyms
single-concept principle
pseudo-synonyms, or false synonyms
antonyms
hyponyms
neologisms
phraseologism
UNDERSTANDING WORDS
quasi-synonyms, or near-synonyms
hypernyms
Cross- references
collocation
monosemy
synonyms
tautonyms
polysemy
abbreviations
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Hyponym

• a word or phrase whose semantic range is included
  within that of another word. For example,
• scarlet,
• vermilion,
• carmine, and
• crimson
• are all hyponyms of red, which is, in turn, a
  hyponym of colour.

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Antonym

• are words that lie in an inherently incompatible
  binary relationship as in the opposite pairs
• male female,
• long short,
• up down, and
• precede follow.

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Acronym

• abbreviations that are formed using the initial
  components in a phrase or name. For example,
• M.P.
• S.Q.L.
• U.F.O.
• S.C.U.B.A.
• L.A.S.E.R.

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Pseudo-Synonym

• a term incorrectly used for a given concept as a
  result of misunderstanding correct usage,
  confusion between a generic and a specific, etc.
  For example
• Y2K virus instead of Y2K bug.

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Single-Concept Principle

• a term should deal with one concept only, this
  means that there is no ambiguity.

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Neologism

• is a word that, although devised relatively
  recently in a specific time period, has been
  accepted into a mainstream language. The term
  "neologism" was coined in 1803.
• prequel (1958)
• Internet (1974)
• jumping the shark (late 1970s)
• "d'oh"(1989)
• blog (late 1990s)
• chav (early 2000s)

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Quasi-Synonym

• a term that designates the same concept as
  another, but which is not interchangeable with
  the other term in all contexts as its use is
  limited to certain communication situations.

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Cross-Reference

• is an instance within a document which refers to
  related or synonymous information elsewhere,
  usually within the same work.

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Monosemy

• having a single meaning (absence of ambiguity)
  usually of individual words or phrases. For
  example,
• Clarity

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Abbreviation

• a shortened form of a word or phrase. For
  example,
• Interpol for International police
• chute for parachute
• phone for telephone
• should be distinguished from portmanteau words (a
  word formed by blending sounds from two or more
  distinct words and combining their meanings e.g.
  Brunch, Wikipedia, Billary)

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Synonym

• different words with identical or at least
  similar meanings.
• baby and infant (noun)
• student and pupil (noun)
• sick and ill (adjective)
• quickly and speedily (adverb)
• freedom and liberty (noun)

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Tautonym

• a taxonomic designation, in which the genus and
  species names are the same, commonly used in
  zoology but no longer in botany. For example,
• Gazella gazella
• Gorilla gorilla
• Rattus rattus
• Vulpes vulpes

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Polysemy

• is a word or phrase with multiple, related
  meanings.
• The house is at the foot of the mountains
• One of his shoes felt too tight for his foot
• 'Foot' here refers to the bottom part of the
  mountains in the first sentence and the bottom
  part of the leg in the second.

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Collocation

• a sequence of words or terms which co-occur more
  often than would be expected by chance. For
  example,
• 'bank' are central, river, account, manager,
  merchant, money, deposits, lending, society.
• High collocates with probability, but not with
  chance a high probability but a good chance

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Hypernym

• a word, usually somewhat vague and broad in
  meaning, that other more specific words fall
  under or are fairly encompassed by. For example,
• vehicle denotes all the things that are
  separately denoted by the words train, chariot,
  dogsled, airplane, and automobile

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Phraseologism

• a term together with a word or words with which
  the term commonly occurs in specialized
  discourse. For example,
• kicking the bucket
• as white as a sheet

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Searching the Web
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acronyms
single-concept principle
pseudo-synonyms, or false synonyms
antonyms
hyponyms
neologisms
phraseologism
PROBLEMS WITH USING A SEARCH ENGINE AS THE SOLE
SOURCE OF INFORMATION
quasi-synonyms, or near-synonyms
hypernyms
Cross- references
collocation
monosemy
synonyms
tautonyms
polysemy
abbreviations
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Finding Research online

• Effective Searching
• Let us consider searching for information
  relating to 'Project-Based Learning'
• The Hyphen
• The first thing to note is the hyphen between the
  words 'Project' and 'Based', will every web-page
  relating to this subject have the hyphen in it,
  or will some just leave it out. If you just leave
  it out the search engines will find the phrase
  with or without the hyphen.

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Finding Research online

• So the first search to try is
• "Project Based Learning"
• if this returns 10,000 links then try
• "Project Based Learning" "PhD Thesis"
• "Project Based Learning" "Masters Thesis
• Project Based Learning Masters Thesis
  Declaration
• this may return PhD or Masters thesis on the
  subject you require information on.

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Finding Research online

• To find other 'good' pages relating to your
  subject matter, try
• "Project Based Learning Link"
• for "PBL Links" or "PBL Link Page"
• "Project Based Learning Portal"
• for "PBL Portal" or "PBL Portal Page"
• "Project Based Learning Webring"
• for "PBL Webring" or "PBL Webrings"
• "Project Based Learning FAQ"
• for "PBL FAQ"or "PBL FAQs" or "PBL FAQL"or "PBL
  FAQLs"

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Finding Research online

• If you are looking for papers relating to
  "Project Based Learning", try
• "Project Based Learning" Bibliography
• "Project Based Learning" Literature Review
• "Project Based Learning" Literature Survey
• "Project Based Learning" Overview
• "Project Based Learning" A Roadmap
• Unlike the previous section where we were looking
  for 'good' pages and put the entire phrase in
  double quotes, in this section we are only
  putting the subject matter we are investigating
  in quotes and the rest of the terms are free
  text, in this way we can find pages which may not
  be titled, for example, "Project Based Learning
  Bibliography", but may be a bibliography which
  contain references to Project Based Learning.

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Finding Research online

• If you are looking for a more specific topic, for
  example, "The Impact of the Web on Project Based
  Learning", try
• "Impact of the Web on Project Based Learning"
  (unlikely)
• "Project Based Learning" overview web
• "Project Based Learning" survey web
• "Project Based Learning" review web
• "Project Based Learning" assessment web

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Finding Research online

• Also consider web-sites which will be using the
  acronym for "Project Based Learning"
• so try
• "PBL"
• "P.B.L."
• Consider the acronym for "Virtual Learning
  Environments", it could be "VLE"or "VLEs"or
  "V.L.E."or "V.L.E.s"or "V.L.Es", so try
• "VLE"
• "V.L.E"