Data Formats

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Data Formats
Textbook Chapter 3
2
Figure 3.1 Data conversion and representation
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Introduction

• Examples

Input device
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Format must be Appropriate

• The internal representation must be appropriate
  for the type of processing to take place (e.g.,
  text, images, sound)
• Problem Since computers store everything in
  binary code, how does it know what a particular
  stored item is?

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Rules/Conventions

• Proprietary formats
• Unique to a product or company
• E.g., Microsoft Word, Corel Word Perfect, IBM
  Lotus Notes
• Standards
• Evolve two ways
• Proprietary formats become de facto standards
  (e.g., Adobe PostScript, Apple Quick Time)
• Committee is struck to solve a problem (Motion
  Pictures Experts Group, MPEG)

Text pg 63-64
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Standards Organizations

• ISO International Standards Organization
• CSA Canadian Standards Association
• ANSI American National Standards Institute
• IEEE Institute for Electrical and
  Electronics Engineers
• Etc. Et Cetera (Everybody Else)

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Examples of Standards
Hint - Learn What kind is which!
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Why Standards?

• Standards are arbitrary
• They exist because they are

Convenient Efficient Flexible
Appropriate
Plus, they provide some consistency
and predictability for applications.
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Alphanumeric Data

• Problem Distinguishing between the number 123
  (one hundred twenty-three) and the characters
  123 (one, two, three)
• In software data is given a type
• Four standards for representing letters (alpha)
  and numbers
• BCD Binary-coded decimal
• ASCII American standard code for information
  interchange
• EBCDIC Extended binary-coded decimal
  interchange code
• Unicode

pp. Old 63-69 Rev 65-72
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Standard Alphanumeric Formats
Next 2 slides

• BCD
• ASCII
• EBCDIC
• Unicode

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Binary-Coded Decimal (BCD)

• Four bits per digit

Note the following bit patterns are not
used 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111
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Example

• 709310 ? (in BCD)

7 0 9 3 0111 0000 1001 0011
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Standard Alphanumeric Formats

• BCD
• ASCII
• EBCDIC
• Unicode

Next 22 slides
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The Problem

• Representing text strings, such as Hello,
  world, in a computer

After all, computers store binary digits, not
letters!
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Codes and Characters

• Each character is coded as a byte
• Most common coding system is ASCII (Pronounced
  ass-key)
• ASCII American National Standard Code for
  Information Interchange
• Defined in ANSI document X3.4-1977

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ASCII Features

• 7-bit code
• 8th bit is unused (or used for a parity bit or
  to indicate extended character set)
• 27 128 codes
• Two general types of codes
• 95 are Graphic codes (displayable on a console)
• 33 are Control codes (control features of the
  console or communications channel)

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Hint Memorize codes for blank space,
period, digit zero (0), capital
A, small a, carriage return (CR)
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ASCII Chart
Book - page 67, Figure 3.3 (In decimal)
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Most significant bit
Least significant bit
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e.g., a 1100001
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95 Graphic codes
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33 Control codes
See text page 69 / 71 for details
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Alphabetic codes
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Numeric codes
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Punctuation, etc.
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Hello, world Example
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Common Control Codes

• CR 0D carriage return
• LF 0A line feed
• HT 09 horizontal tab
• DEL 7F delete
• NULL 00 null

Hexadecimal code
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Terminology

• Learn the names of the special symbols
• brackets
• braces
• ( ) parentheses
• _at_ commercial at sign
• ampersand
• tilde

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Escape Sequences

• Extend the capability of the ASCII code set
• For controlling terminals and formatting output
• Defined by ANSI in documents X3.41-1974 and
  X3.64-1977
• The escape code is ESC 1B16
• An escape sequence begins with two codes ESC
  

1B16
5B16
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Examples

• Erase display ESC 2 J
• Erase line ESC K

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Standard Alphanumeric Formats

• BCD
• ASCII
• EBCDIC
• Unicode

Next slide
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EBCDIC

• Extended BCD Interchange Code (pronounced
  ebb-se-dick)
• 8-bit code
• Developed by IBM
• Rarely used today
• IBM mainframes only

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Standard Alphanumeric Formats

• BCD
• ASCII
• EBCDIC
• Unicode

Next 2 slides
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Unicode

• 16-bit standard
• Developed by a consortia
• Intended to supercede older 7- and 8-bit codes

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Unicode Version 2.1

• 1998
• Improves on version 2.0
• Includes the Euro sign (20AC16 )
• From the standard

contains 38,887 distinct coded characters
derived from the supported scripts. These
characters cover the principal written languages
of the Americas, Europe, the Middle East, Africa,
India, Asia, and Pacifica.
http//www.unicode.org
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Keyboard Input

• Key (scan) codes are converted to ASCII
• ASCII code sent to host computer
• Received by the host as a stream of data
• Stored in buffer
• Processed
• Etc.

pp. Old 69 Rev 72
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Figure 3.7 Keyboard operation
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Shift Key

• inhibits bit 5 in the ASCII code

a
a
Shift
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Control Key

• inhibits bits 5 6 in the ASCII code

c
c
Ctrl
Controlcode
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Other Input

• OCR optical character recognition
• Bar code readers
• Voice/audio input
• Punched cards
• Images / objects
• Pointing devices

pp. Old 69-86 Rev 72-89
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OCR

• Hello, world

Optical scan
10110110
Page of text
Computer file
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Other Input

• OCR optical character recognition
• Bar code readers
• Voice/audio input
• Punched cards
• Images / objects
• Pointing devices

pp. 69-86
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Bar Codes

• An automatic identification (Auto ID) technology
  that streamlines identification and data
  collection
• See http//www.digital.net/barcoder/barcode.html

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Other Input

• OCR optical character recognition
• Bar code readers
• Voice/audio input
• Punched cards
• Images / objects
• Pointing devices

pp. 69-86
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Voice/audio Input

• Input device microphone
• Audio input is digitized and stored
• Processed in two ways
• As is (no recognition)
• Recognized and converted to alphanumeric data
  (ASCII)

Digitize
10110010
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Figure 3.15 Digitizing an audio waveform
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Figure 3.16 .WAV sound format
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Other Input

• OCR optical character recognition
• Bar code readers
• Voice/audio input
• Punched cards
• Images / objects
• Pointing devices

pp. 69-86
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Punched Cards

• Invented by Herman Hollerith (founder of IBM)
• Each card holds 80 characters

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Other Input

• OCR optical character recognition
• Bar code readers
• Voice/audio input
• Punched cards
• Images / objects
• Pointing devices

pp. 69-86
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Images

• Typically images are pictures that are optically
  scanned and saved as a bit map or in some other
  format
• Many formats
• gif, jpeg,

Note animated gifs often used on www web.
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Typical Save As Dialog
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Figure 3.10 GIF screen layout
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Figure 3.11 GIF file format layout
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Objects

• Images made of geometrically definable shapes
  example MS Paint software.
• Offer efficiency, flexibility, small size, etc.

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Figure 3.12 An object image
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Figure 3.13 A PostScript program
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Figure 3.14 Another PostScript program
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Other Input

• OCR optical character recognition
• Bar code readers
• Voice/audio input
• Punched cards
• Images / objects
• Pointing devices

pp. 69-86
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Pointing Devices

• Originally used for specifying coordinates (x, y)
  for graphical input
• Today used as general purpose device for
  graphical user interfaces (GUIs)

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Thank you