Lecture 11 Psyco 350, A1 Fall, 2006

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Lecture 11 Psyco 350, A1Fall, 2006

• N. R. Brown

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Outline

• Forgetting Continued
• Misinformation Effect Overtime
• Inhibitory Mechanisms Forgetting
• Summary of Episodic Basic.
• Implicit Memory
• Introduction
• Dissociating Implicit Explicit Memory
• Transfer Appropriate Processing

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Misinformation w/ Modified Procedure Belli (1992)

• Materials
• 44 slides (mother child arguing)
• 4 crit slides (coffeemaker, blender, toaster)
• 500 word narrative w/ 2 misleading statements
• 2IFC modified reco test

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Misinformation w/ Modified Procedure Belli (1992)
Design manipulates timing of misinformation
view slides ? ? Exp1 5-min delay Exp3 5-day
delay ? read narrative ? 10 min delay ? reco test
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Belli (1992) Results

• W/ 5-min delay Mod Misled Control
• consistent w/ Biased Guessing
• W/ 5-day delay Mod Misled lt Control
• (at lease) consistent w/ Coexistence RI

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Blocking Hypothesis Bellis Explanation

• Post-event information impairs access to original
  traces when
• original trace is weak
• post-event information is strong

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Misinformation Effect My Take

• Memory impairment, coexistence, source
  monitoring errors are not mutually exclusive
• As the work on Hindsight Bias indicates, new
  information can
• modify existing information
• coexist w/ existing information
• block access to existing information
• Biased guessing is a problem in 2IFC situation
  particularly when target misinformation are of
  roughly equal strength
• Nonetheless, bias to select foil in standard
  condition, indicates that post-event information
  is (some times) accepted as true may be
  incorporated into event representation.

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Inhibitory Processes

• Inhibition well established at neural level.
• increased activation of one unit, decreases
  activation in others.
• Inhibition also observed in visual
  attention/object perceptions
• Inhibition Processes in Memory Performance
• retrieval of ITEMI decreases the likelihood that
  ITEMJ will be retrieved.
• Assumption Inhibition is an active process
• Has the flavor of repression/suppression, but
  functions to increase memory efficient not to
  protect the self.

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Retrieval Induced Forgetting

• Anderson, Bjork, Bjork (1994)
• Aim Demonstrate that retrieval can produce
  forgetting
• Materials
• category-instance pairs
• COLOR-red PET-dog FRUIT-apple
• 6 pairs/category

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Anderson, Bjork, Bjork (1994) Procedure

• 3-Phase Procedure
• Study each pair presented once for 5 s
• Retrieval Practice
• complete category-stem w/ list instance
• FRUIT ap__
• Each category-stem presented 3 times
• 20 minute delay
• Test Phase
• given each category name ? recall all instances

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Anderson, Bjork, Bjork (1994) Results

• Practice Effect PIPC gtgt UIUC
• UIUC gt UIPC
• if not rehearsed, being an instance of a
  practiced category hinders recall.
• Interpretation UIPC inhabited during practice in
  order to make retrieval of practiced items easer.

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Inhibitory Processes

• Inhibitory Processing still not well studied.
• Parameters still being explored
• range
• strength
• duration
• Alternative accounts of retrieval-inducted
  forgetting being explored.
• Retroactive Interference
• Associative Inference (deferential spreading
  activation)

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(Episodic) Memory Basic Implications

• The stronger the link between a cued concept and
  an Event Representation ER, the greater
  probability that the ER will be recalled.
• non-elaborative rehearsal
• The more ER-to-concept links there are, the
  greater the probability that a given cue will
  serve as an effective retrieval cue.
  elaboration, depth or processing

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(Episodic) Memory Basic Implications

• Context (internal external) is encoded as part
  of the ER, and thus contextual features can serve
  as retrieval cues.
• Increasing the similarity between encoding
  contexts and retrieval contexts increases the
  probability of retrieval. context effects, TAP
  

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(Episodic) Memory Basic Implications

• Probability of recall decreases, as of ERs
  linked to a cued concept increases.
  interference
• --------------------------------------------------
  --------------
• Other possible mechanisms
• decay
• knowledge revision biased reconstruction
• inhibition

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Implicit Memory

• Any form of memory that does not require
  consciousness and can operate without a person
  being aware that he is using his memory.
  Radvansky, p. 123
• People show evidence of memories for experiences
  that they cannot consciously retrieve. Anderson,
  p. 298
• Memory without awareness Neath Supernant, p
  139

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Implicit Memory

• Strategy for studying implicit memory
• Demonstrate that prior experience affects
  performance on tasks that do not require
  retrieval or recognition of those prior
  experiences.
• Such test are called Indirect tests.

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Types of Memory Tests

• Test
• Direct (explicit) Indirect
  (implicit)
• recall, cued recall
• recognition, recency
• frequency Word-related Test
  Judgments
• fragment completion
  fame
• word-stem
  completion truth
• perceptual ID
  liking
• lexical decision
  r-w estimation
• 
  word-association
• 
  general-knowledge
• 
  category-instance generation

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Common Indirect Tests

• Fragment Completion
• _ece_ny
• recency
• Stem Completion
• fre_ _ _ _ _ _
• frequency
• Anagrams
• ticilipm
• implicit

• Lexical Decision
• word/non-word? TREB
• Perceptual Identification
• read word (identify object) presented VERY
  briefly (e.g., 25 ms)

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Evidence for Implicit Memory on Indirect Tests

• Indirect tests typically use improved performance
  as the measure of implicit memory
• Priming the improvement in performance on a
  subsequent occasion due to processing on a
  previous occasion

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Priming Effects

• Exp condition a prior exposure to stim
• Control no prior exposure to stim
• Priming
• fragment, stem, anagram
• dv complete exp gt control
• Perceptional Identification
• dv -- correct exp gt control
• Lexical Decision
• dv RT exp lt control

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Dissociating Implicit Explicit Memory

• Dissociation One variable affects one task
  differently than it affects another
• _______________________________________
• Tulving, Schacter, Stark (1982)
• Design
• Delay X Test Type
  .
• 1 hr fragment completion (indirect)
• 1 week recognition (direct)

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Tulving, Schacter, Stark (1982)
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Tulving, Schacter, Stark (1982)

• Results
• Reco ? w/ dealy
• frag unaffected by delay
• Delay causes a dissociation between reco frag
  tests.
• Implication
• Test tap different forms of memory.

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(Double) Dissociating Implicit Explicit Memory

• Jacoby (1983)
• Aims Using same materials demonstrate
• explicit memory ? w/ depth of processing
• implicit memory ? w/ perceptual similarity
• Materials selected so that
• as depth of processing ?, perceptual similarity ?

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Jacoby (1983)

• Design
• Encoding Task X
  Test .
• (Antonym) Generation recognition
• Read (antonym in context) perceptual ID (40 ms)
• Read (target alone)

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Jacoby(1983) Two perspective on Encoding Tasks

• Predictions
• Recognition deeper processing should produce
  better performance.
• Percp ID priming should become stronger as study
  and test materials become more similar.

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Jacoby (1983) Results

• w/out prior exposure (control) perc ID 60
• In all conditions
• Perc ID gt 60
• priming
• _________________________
• Reco ? with Depth of Processing
• Perc ID ? perc similarity
• (Perc ID ? LoP)
• Evidence for 2 types of memory

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Transfer Appropriate Process Theory

• Assumes
• Performance depends of match between processing
  at study and processing at test.
• Analogous to encoding specificity.
• Two-types of Processes
• Data-driven (perceptual) processing of physical
  features.
• Conceptually-driven (semantic) processing for
  meaning