Lecture 2 Psyco 350, A1 Fall, 2006

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Lecture 2 Psyco 350, A1Fall, 2006

• N. R. Brown

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Outline

• Information Processing the Modal Model
• Memory Systems
• Aspects of Modal Modal
• STM vs LTM Serial Position Curve
• Properties of STM
• Capacity Span Task
• Duration/Forgetting Brown Peterson Task
• Retrieval Sternberg Task

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Information Processing

• To understand/describe human behavior, specify
• the cognitive architecture (hardware)
• identify components their general function
• characterize components in terms of
• capacity
• speed
• accuracy
• a cognitive task analysis (software data)

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Information Processing

• Cognitive Task Analysis (software data)
• What are the mental operations required to
  perform a task?
• How are the operations sequenced?
• What information is involved in task?
• How is the information accessed?
• How is it represented?
• How is it altered during the processing?

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A Simple Computer Architecture

• Input devices/registers
• Active memory and processing
• Inactive (but accessible) memory

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Modal Model of Memory

• The standard model of memory
• Atkinson Shiffrin (1968)
• Four components
• Sensory registers
• Short-term memory
• Long-term memory
• Control processes

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Modal Model of Memory
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Modal Model Component Functions

• 1. Sensory stores
• function buffers sensory input for selection
  and identification
• 2. Short-term Memory
• function temporal storage during processing
• 3. Long-term Memory
• function store declarative procedural
  knowledge
• declarative -- knowing that
• procedural -- knowing how
• 4. Attention
• function Selection and transfer from sensory
  stores
• Maintenance of information in STM
• Selection and scheduling of tasks

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Multiple (Long-term) Memory Systems

• Long-term memory involves several sub-components
• Different memory systems for different types of
  information

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Multiple Memory Systems

• Memory
• Declarative Memory (explicit memory)
• Semantic memory
• permanent, decontextualized knowledge
• Episodic memory
• forgettable event memories
• Nondeclarative memory (implicit memory)
• Procedural memory
• Classical conditioning
• Priming

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Memory as Everything A Simple Demonstration

• (read ) store 1st 84 blue WM
• (read ) store 2nd 57
• Retrieve-execute 2-digit addition strategy
  red procedural
• retrieve top ones digit 4
  memory
• retrieve bottom ones digit 7
• retrieve addition fact 4711 green
  semantic
• store ones sum 1 memory
• retrieve-execute carry operation
• retrieve top tens digit 8
• retrieve addition fact 819
• store new top tens digit 9
• retrieve top tens digit 9
• retrieve bottom tens digit 5
• retrieve addition fact 9514
• store tens sum 14_
• Retrieve, combine sums 14 1 ? 141
• State answer 141

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Memory is Everything

• Name all of Canadas provincial and territorial
  capitals.
• How many of Canadas provincial and territorial
  capitals have you visited?
• Recall the addition problem we just solved.

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Modal Model Evidence STM LTM Distinction

• Assumption
• dual stores STM LTM
• small amount of info held briefly in STM
• rehearsal enables and is required for transfer
  from STM to LTM
• Support serial-position-curve phenomena

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Free Recall the Serial Position Curve
Memory Tests
Recall
Recognition
Cued
Uncued
FREE
Serial
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Free Recall Task
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Free Recall Task
Instructions There are 15 words on this list.
When I say to, please write down as many of
these words as you can.
List 1 15 words
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Free Recall Task
Instructions There are 15 words on this list.
When I say to, please write down as many of
these words as you can.
List 2 15 words 20 s delay
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Free Recall Lists

• List 1
• Tribute
• Cotton
• Sea
• Radio
• Facility
• Star
• Golf
• Cattle
• Police
• Pencil
• Attic
• Style
• Answer
• Hint
• Elbow

• List 2
• Hinge
• Ring
• Storm
• Leaf
• Event
• Staple
• Salad
• Window
• Tape
• Plan
• Ruler
• Drum
• Key
• Duck
• Bus

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In-Class Serial Position Curve
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Free Recall the Serial Position Curve

• Free recall
• uncued recall of studied items
• order of output unconstrained
• Manipulate a variety of
• Encoding factors (e.g. presentation rate)
• Storage factors (e.g., delay)
• Dependent variable
• recalled as a function of serial position

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Serial Position Curve

• Primacy Good recall for 1st few items
• Recency Good recall for last few items on list

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Modal Account of the Serial Position Curve

• Recency Effect produced by read-out from STM
• Primacy pre-recency reflect information
  retrieved from LTM
• Transfer from STM to LTM caused by rehearsal.
• Implications
• Primacy Prerecency ? w/ rehearsal
• Recency unaffected by rehearsal

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Rundus (1971) Rehearsal the Serial Position
Curve

• Materials
• 20-word list
• presentation rate 5 s/word
• Task(s)
• During study overt rehearsal
• During test free recall

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Rundus Rehersal Protocols
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Relation between Rehearsal Recall

• Analysis
• rehearsals for each word (position)
• recall for each word (position)
• Results
• For a given amount of rehearsal, items from the
  initial serial positions are no better recalled
  than items from the middle of the list Rundus,
  1971, p. 66

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Relation between Study-time (Rehearsal) Recall

• Glanzer Cunitz (1966)
• manipulate study-time.
• Assume study time rehearsal related
• Results
• Primacy Prerecency ? w/ study time
• Recency unaffected by rehearsal

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Relation between Filled Delay Recall

• Glanzer Cunitz (1966)
• Manipulate retention interval.
• Assume filled delay replaces contents of STM
• Results
• Primacy Prerecency un affected by delay
• Recency ? as delay ?

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Ant. Amnesia Serial Position

• Baddeley Warrington (1970)
• H.M. removal temporal lobe and hippocampus
• Clobbered Explicit memory.
• Yet on immediate test, recency intact

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Dissociation Evidence for Dual Store

• Dissociation when a single variable has
  different affects on two or more measures.
• Evidence for separate stores, processes, or
  representation.
• Many variables have dissociative effect on the
  prerecency recency portion of serial position
  curve.