Social Development and Human Resources

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Social Development and Human Resources

• Ida Bastiaens
• Colin Clarke
• Bokgyo Jeong (Jonathan)

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Summary of this Week

• The focus of this week are as follows
• What kinds of alternative approaches we can take
  as counter-arguments of existing main stream
  development models (economic growth or dependency
  models) ?
• Does the social development approach combined
  with human resource development provide a
  substantially different and meaningful answer to
  the previous question?

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Summary of this Week (Cont.)

• As alternative approaches, we can
• turn to the social development going beyond the
  narrow focus of economic growth and political
  democratization (Martinussen, 1997 Isbister,
  1993 Staudt, 1991)
• take a look at different dimensions of poverty
  like basic needs (Martinussen, 1997 Leys, 1996
  Goulet and Wilber) or gender (Martinussen, 1997
  Staudt, 1991 Edward and Hulme, 1997)
• reframe development from the practical management
  perspective (Edward and Hulme, 1997 Staudt,
  1991)
• uncover the significant role of the civil society
  and NGOs (Edward and Hulme, 1992 Bendix,
  Staudt, 1991)
• analyze various environmental factors in order
  to comprehend and make sense of the development
  contexts of developing countries ( Edward Hulme,
  1997 Staudt, 1991)

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Take-away Points by each author

• Theories and approaches using the state and
  market are incomplete in development studies.
  Instead, multiple strategies and perspectives are
  necessary to truly capture the broad and complex
  elements of development (Martinussen, 1997).
• Understanding poverty and providing social
  development requires theoretical lenses that
  emphasize several dimensions of poverty like
  basic needs, gender, and societal studies
  (Martinussen, 1997).

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Take-away Points by each author (Cont.)

• Different development languages provide a
  multitude of development definitions. For that
  reason, where development management fit into
  between state and society has to be one of the
  main focus in development studies and practices
  (Staudt, 1991).
• Making sense of the environment through embracing
  all environmental factors is essential in
  addressing the development management in
  developing countries (Turner and Hulme, 1997).

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Take-away Points by each author

• Evolution of administrative elite role to
  economic development can be understand through
  the exploration of the process of role
  definitions, socialization and recruitment
  (Armstrong, 1973).
• Both development and underdevelopment have costs,
  but the cost of underdevelopment is greater
  (Goulet and Wilber).
• Poverty, or the inability to make choices,
  occurs at the micro and macro level and is
  perpetuated by our globalized and urbanized
  society. (Isbister)

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Take-away Points by each author

• The formation of civil society is based upon
  social rights, citizenship, the trappings of
  bureaucracy and the formation of interest groups.
  This process occurs at varying levels and to
  varying extents in different countries, but is
  nevertheless an essential component of
  development. (Leys, Bendix, Edwards Hulme)

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Social Development and Human ResourcesGolden
Oldies
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Armstrong (1973), The European Administrative
Elite.

• Main topic of this book
• How we understand the European administrative
  system
• The main theories and framework to comprehend the
  European administrative system role theory and
  theories of socialization and recruitment
• Exploration of the process by which role
  definitions are acquired (p.3).
• Evolution of administrative elite role to
  economic development, defined as growth in
  industrial output
• What are factors that produced positive
  definitions of the administrative role in
  relation to economic development?
• Intermediate variable recruitment/ socialization
• Dependent variable role definition

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Armstrong (1973), Continued.

• Assumption of this book
• Elite as a set of roles (p. 14) Elite refers
  to the process, especially education, which
  affects elite roles in a differential manner.
• Socialization as the link between societal
  expectations and norms and administrators role
  perceptions. (p. 15).
• Method Comparative analysis
• Cross-national comparison British, France,
  Germany, and Russia
• Longitudinal comparison Four periods
  (Preindustrial, take-off, industrial, and
  postindustrial)

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Armstrong (1973), Continued.

• Diffusion of development doctrines

Development
Non-development
Non-interventionist
Laissez Faire
Calvinism
Traditional Christianity
Benthamism
Listism
Keynesianism
Rathenauism
Saint-Simonism
Marxist Economism
Mercantilism
Leninism
Cameralism
Interventionist
Source Armstrong (197371)
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Armstrong (1973), Continued.

• The model of recruitment of European
  administrative elites
• Ascription Upper class as the main source of
  recruits
• Class as a stratification concept and a matter of
  societal consensus
• Prussian accommodation of aristocratic and
  administrators values accommodated men of
  aristocratic and bourgeois origins by stressing
  its own distinctiveness (p.82)
• French dominance of bourgeois values in the
  French administrative role
• Britain aristocratic values without a strong
  noble reference group

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Nation Building Citizenship (Bendix)

• Ch.3- Transformations of W. European Societies
  Since 18th c.
• Individualistic authority relationships what is
  the responsibility of the upper-class to the
  poor?
• Democratization and industrialization are two
  processes
• Whether and to what extent social protest would
  be accommodated through the extension of
  citizenship to the lower classes?

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Bendix Ch.3 (cont.)

• In England, lower-class protests are aimed at
  establishing citizenship and thus a voice in the
  society to which they contribute
• Functional representation vs. plebiscitarian
  principle (group versus individual)
• Social rights as an element of citizenship
  (education)

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Chapter 4 Administrative Authority in the
Nation-State (Bendix)

• In the modern nation-state, the link between
  governmental authority and inherited privilege is
  severed
• Distinguishes between the nature of authority
  over an administrative staff and the
  organizational conditioning of the staff which
  affects its implementation of commands
• Focuses on the example of the evolution of
  bureaucracy in Prussia/Germany- curb arbitrary
  rule of royal autocrat

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Chapter 4 Administrative Authority in the
Nation-State (Bendix) (cont.)

• Modern Western societies exemplify the duality
  between government and society
• Governmental activities which develop in response
  to public demands encourage the formation of
  groups based on the principles of common interest
• Increasing access to public employment and to
  influence upon the administrative implementation
  of policies are a counterpart to the extension of
  citizenship

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Social Development and Human ResourcesLiterary
Map
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MartinussenCh 20 Dimensions of Alternative
Development

• Focus on civil society, poverty, inequality,
  basic needs, human development
• Need dialogue between approaches
• Alternative Development
• Origins Mill, Seers
• Redefinition of Development Goals
• Sen, Seers, Streeten, Haq
• Theories of Civil Society
• Roots Hettne (utopian socialism), Hegel, Marx,
  Polanyi, Hyden
• Friedman (social practice and institutionalization
  )
• Advancements
• UNEP and UNCTAD
• IFDA

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Social Development and Human ResourcesSynthesis
20
Synthesis

• Alternative approach to development
• Social development
• Civil society and NGOs
• Poverty alleviation
• Gender and development
• Basic needs
• Development management
• Societal development and environmental analysis

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MartinussenCh 21 Poverty and Social Development

• Since 1960 poverty and inequality more important
• Relationship to growth and savings
• Shifts in Perception and Strategy
• Passive to active, macro to micro
• Poverty and Basic Needs
• Chenery 1974 target poor in growth strategy
• Hunt, Streeten Basic Needs (necessities, public
  services, political participation)
• Lipton, Maxwell Poverty Eradication (labor
  intensive, access to services, safety net)

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Martinussen Ch 21 contd

• Social Welfare and Sustainable Human Development
• Haq 1990 HDR, enlarge choices/opportunities (to
  life, knowledge, resources)
• Unobserved Poverty (Chambers)
• Challenge for policy makers to see poor
• Spatial, seasonal, diplomatic, professional
  biases
• Gender and Development
• Women in Development
• Rathgeber
• Exclusion, inferiority want to mainstream,
  integrate
• Gender and Development
• Young
• Gender relations, public and private spheres,
  structure, process

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IsbisterCh 2 A World of Poverty

• Poverty is the inability to make choices
• Micro and macro level (excluded from power or
  benefits of society)
• Third World excluded, nonaligned,
  disenfranchised
• Poverty is INSECURITY
• Todays poor connected to changing world
• Recent poverty not traditional urban slums
• Responsibility to help
• How does rich policies and progress affect 3rd
  world

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Goulet and WilberThe Human Dilemma of Development

• Cost of Development
• Industrialization change social structure, new
  values and institutions, need to increase capital
  may decrease consumption (painful!)
• Cost of Underdevelopment
• Malthusian trap- death, disease
• Economic Development as War on Poverty
• Cost of development is less than cost of
  underdevelopment

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Turner and Hulme, 1997, Governance,
Administration DevelopmentCh.2 Organizational
Environments

• Making sense of the environment
• Elements of the environment
• Economic factors Gross national product,
  Structure of production, Labor, Domestic capital,
  Foreign exchange, Foreign aid and debt,
  Infrastructure, Technology, Poverty and
  inequality, and Informal sector
• Cultural factors Ethnicity, Family and kinship,
  Values and norms, Gender, and History

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Turner and Hulme, 1997, Governance,
Administration DevelopmentCh.2 Organizational
Environments (Continued)

• Elements of the environment (Continued)
• Demographic Population growth, Age structure,
  Urbanization and migration, and Health
• Political State-society relations, Legitimacy,
  Regime type, Ideology, Elites and classes,
  International links, and Institutions
• Public sector and its environment
• Distinctiveness, diversity, turbulence,
  opportunities and constraints, competing
  perceptions, cause and effect, and foreign models
  and third world realities.

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Staudt, 1991, Managing DevelopmentCh.2
Development Conception From About People at the
Grassroots

• Main topic Locating development management
  between state and society, by investigating
  development language.
• Displaying power realities (p.29)
• Revealing peoples voices (p.30)
• Reviewing definitions of development
• Discourse and images
• Language creates a reality all its own (p.11).
• Underdeveloped, developed, and developing
• First world, second world, and a third world
• Maps on flat surfaces distort a global world
• The Mercator projection exaggerates land masses
  near poles, and shrinks land masses near the
  equator (p.14)
• The North 18.9 million square miles, looks
  larger than the South with 38.6 million square
  miles (p.14)

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Staudt, 1991, Managing DevelopmentCh.2
Development Conception From About People at the
Grassroots

• Historical and contemporary perspectives
• The overall result of changes in agriculture was
  that most Mexicans were eating less while some
  were exporting more (p.25) gt Is this
  development?
• Implication Where does development management
  fit?
• In the state debates between reformers and
  structural transformers
• In society peoples organizations and their
  relationships with the state effectiveness
  depends on their managerial capability

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Reinhard Bendix, Nation Building Citizenship

• Transformation of society and the processes that
  ultimately lead to nation building and
  citizenship
• - Industrialization in England
• - Democratization in France
• Lower social classes finding a voice through
  protest and becoming involved in political life
  of the state
• Group versus Individual- early seeds of civil
  society

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Edwards and Hulme, Making a Difference

• The role of NGOs and development in a complex and
  constantly changing world
• Implications of poverty alleviation and the
  concept of scaling up at the NGO level
• Concerned with practicality issues including
  sustainability, cost-effectiveness, types of
  benefits and their distribution throughout society

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Colin Leys, Rise and Fall of Development Theory

• The state the crisis of simple commodity
  production
• What is the role of the state versus the
  individual or family farm?
• Growing risk of a new form of colonization which
  includes a chronic dependence on food aid and/or
  budgetary support from abroad

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References

• Martinussen, John. Society, State and Market A
  Guide to Competing Theories of Development.
  (London Zed Press, 1997). Chapter 20-21
• IsbisterJohn. Promises not Kept The Betrayal of
  Social Change in the Third World. (West Hartford
  Kumarian, 1993). Chapter 2
• Goulet, Denis and Wilber, Charles K. The Human
  Dilemma of Development. in Jameson and Wilber,
  Political Economy of Development.
• Staudt, Kathleen. Managing Development State,
  Society, and International Contexts. (Newbury
  Park SAGE Publication, 1991). Chapter 2
• Turner, Mark and David Hulme. Governance,
  Administration Development. (West Hartford
  Kumarian Press, 1997). Chapter 2

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References (cont.)

• Leys,Colin, The Rise and Fall of Development
  Theory (Bloomington, IN. Indiana University
  Press, 1996).
• Edwards, Michael and David Hulme, Making a
  Difference NGOs and Development in a Changing
  World (London Earthscan, 1992)
• Bendix, Reinhard, Nation Building and Citizenship
  (New Jersey Transaction, 1996)