US History to 1877

1
US History to 1877

• American Society in the Making

2
The Chesapeake Colonies

• settling down 1650, 15,000 settlers
• the social crisis and the Bacon's Rebellion 4/1
  landless skirmishes with Indians limited
  resources, taxes extension of indenture
• Chesapeake Gentry economic, social and political
  status--Robert Carter peculiar world view and
  reality

3
Bacons Rebellion

• In 1676 settlers led by
• planter Nathaniel Bacon
• fought Virginias colonial
• government for failing to
• protect them from raids by
• the Susquehannock people.
• During Bacons Rebellion,
• settlers marched on
• Jamestown and burned the
• colonial capital. The
• Rebellion faded later that
• year after Bacon
• died from disease. This
• Illustration shows settlers
• defending their property
• from Native Americans
• during the rebellion.

4
Chesapeake Gentry

• Who were they?
• Where did their wealth come from?
• What were their concerns?
• What was their world of dependence and
  independence?
• What role did they play?

5
Robert Carter, a gentleman

• 6,000 to 300,000 acres of land
• Justice of peace
• Colonel of the militia
• Member of the council of state
• Rector of the college of William and Mary
• Holder of other public offices

6
Origins and Expansion of Slavery

• 1440s, Portuguese brought Africans to Europe
• 1502, Portuguese landed Africans in Hispaniola
• an estimated 10 to 15 million Africans were
  brought to the New World 10-15 percent died on
  the way over most taken to the Caribbean, South
  American colonies
• 500,000 to 600,000 taken to North America (36
  million as of 2002)

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Atlantic slave trade numbers

• British North America 399,000
• Spanish America 1,552,100
• British Caribbean 1,665,000
• French Caribbean 1,600,200
• Dutch Caribbean 500,000
• Danish Caribbean 28,000
• Brazil 3,646,800
• Old world 175,000
• Grand total 9,566,100

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Atlantic slave trade 1450-1900

• 1450-1600 367,000 3.1
• 1601-1700 1,868,000 16
• 1701-1800 6,133,000 52.4
• 1801-1900 3,330,000 28.5
• Total 11,698,000 100

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Characteristics of slave system in Americas

• high volume
• harsh treatment
• racism
• 1619, slaves sold in Jamestown 1675, only 5
  were blacks in Virginia no plan to use Africans
  at a massive scale

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Three stages of development in North America

• 1619-1640
• 1640-1660 Hugh Davis (1630 in Maryland) 1644
  Maryland voted that black Christians could not be
  freed and English women choosing to marry with
  Negroes would be required to serve as slaves and
  their children would be slaves
• after 1660 lifelong, inheritable and racial
  status
• slavery became entrenched due to declining
  mortality rate declining rate of white servants
  and the breakup of monopoly of slave trade

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South Carolina

• Facing challenges from both France and Spain
• Threat from Native Americans
• The Yamasee War in 1715
• 1729, becoming a royal colony
• black population outnumbered white population 2
  to 1

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The Yamasse War
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The founding of Georgia (1732)
a. military, social and economic motivation b.
utopian scheme land (500 acres), slavery,
prohibition c. growing pressure against the
trustees d. charter given back the monarchy
(1752)
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James Oglethorpe

• Elected to Parliament at 25
• Solve the problems of debtor in prison
• Get permission from King George II to make a
  colony in America for debtors.
• Oglethorpe is given a charter to create Georgia
  (named after the king)

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Settling down in Georgia (I)

• strict rules on land and work
• carefully selected colonists
• 1732 pamphlets, sermons, speeches and newspaper
  convinced people to move to Georgia from England
• 35 families selected
• No debtors selected
• Farmers, carpenters, tailors, bakers, merchants
  and trade people
• Families received free land, weapons, tools and
  had to live under trustee rules

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Settling down in Georgia (II)

• Settlement named Savannah after the river.
• Colonists get sick from drinking the water
• More colonist come and help out

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Settling down in Georgia (III)

• People are quitting and going to England
• 1750 add slavery
• 1752 British government takes over colony
• 1752 GA becomes a royal colony
• 1754 Captain John Reynolds kings representative
  and CEO of colony

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GA settlers defending slavery
The felling of timber was a task very unequal to
the strength and constitution of white servants
and the hoeing the ground, they being exposed to
the sultry heat of the sun, insupportable and it
is well known, that this labor is one of the
hardest upon Negroes, even though their
constitutions are much stronger than white
people, and the heat no way disagreeable nor
hurtful to them but in us it created
inflammatory fevers of various kinds both
continued and intermittent, wasting and
tormenting flexes, most excruciating cholicks,
and dry bellyaches, tremors, vertigoes, palsies
and a long train of painful and lingering nervous
distempers which brought on to many a cessation
both from work and life.
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Colonial New England

• a. lived longer, strong community life,
  stability and order b. Church, role of big
  brother, conversion, support by taxes c. good
  wives and witches
• i. constant pregnancy ii. drudgery
  iii. no control over property iv. could not
  sue or sign contracts v. could not vote
  vi. the Salem witch hunt in 1692 with 20
  executions vii. 342 New Englanders were
  charged with witchcraft and 3/4 were women

20
Salem witch hunt trial
21
The Demise of the Puritan Errand

• Civil war in 1642 and Charles I beheaded in 1649
  thunder stolen
• restoration in 1660 no way of going back
• unhappy merchants
• emphasis on privacy, less willing to be
  converted declining membership

22
The Dominion of New England

• Duke of York became King James II in 1685
• Massachusetts Bay Charter revoked in 1684
• 1686, turning Connecticut, Rhode Island,
  Plymouth, New Hampshire and Bay into the
  Dominion added New York and New Jersey later on
• to centralize control and introduce effective
  management of the colonies
• Sir Edmund Andros appointed governor enforcement
  of Navigation Acts, seizure of a local church
  abolition of all titles imposition of new taxes
  and prohibition of town meetings

23
The Glorious Revolution

• King James forced into exile
• William and Mary brought to London halted the
  drift toward royal power and established the
  supremacy of Parliament
• New Englanders revolted against the Dominion

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Aftershocks of the Glorious Revolution

• Dominion dismembered
• representative assembly reinstated
• Massachusetts, Plymouth and present-day Maine
  turned into a single royal colony
• property ownership replaced church membership as
  the criteria for voting non-Congregationalists
  not require to pay taxes religious toleration
  introduced

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Middle colonies

• Commercial farming
• active trade
• ethnic and religious heterogeneity
• political diversity