El imperativo

1
El imperativo

• Los Mandatos
• Commands

2
El Imperativo

• Study!
• Run!
• Talk!
• Listen!
• Be careful!
• Go away!
• What do all of these have in common?

3
El Imperativo

• They all tell the listener to do something.
• None of them have an expressed subject.
• They all involve one person talking to at least
  one other person.
• They all happen now.

4
El Imperativo

• The subject is actually an implied you.
• you as in you (Hannah)
• you as in you (Hannah and Henry)
• (you) Study!
• But what if we add subjects?

5
El Imperativo

• I study.
• We run.
• He talks.
• You listen.
• They are careful.
• Bob goes away.
• These become simple statements.
• They are no longer commands at all!

6
El Imperativo

• But what about this situation?
• Lets go to the movies.
• Lets play ping pong.
• Who is the subject of let?
• YOU!

7
El Imperativo

• But if you state you, it changes the meaning of
  the sentence.
• Mira
• You let us go to the movies!
• (A statement of appreciation)
• Craig, you let us play ping pong!
• (or perhaps amazement)

8
El Imperativo

• So, how many tenses of the imperative are there?
  Consider this. When are all of these commands to
  take place?
• Run!
• Listen!
• When you get home, clean your room!
• NOW, or immediately at specified time.

9
El Imperativo

• So there is no tense to worry about with
  commands. Only the present tense exists with
  commands.

10
El Imperativo

• When giving a command, you are only talking to
  someone, so there is
• No I
• No he
• No she
• No they
• We only deal with YOU and WE.
• Spanish works the same way.

11
El Imperativo

• However, in addition to the nosotros form, we
  have more specific words for you.
• Tú
• Usted
• Ustedes
• And of course, if we are in Spain, vosotros

12
El Imperativo

• There are only 3 main patterns
• Positive commands for tú
• Positive commands for vosotros
• All others
• See if you can figure out any patterns by looking
  at the following examples.

13
El Imperativo
The most common commands and the earliest ones
learned are probably the negative ones given to
children.

• Don't do that!
• Don't throw things!
• Don't put that there!
• Don't come in here!
• Don't touch that!

• No lo hagas!
• No tires cosas!
• No pongas eso allí!
• No entres por aquí!
• No la toques!

14
El Imperativo

• Naturally, we also like to tell children what to
  do, so we have plenty of positive commands for
  them.

• Come here!
• Give it to me!
• Eat!
• Get dressed!
• Sit down!

• Ven aquí!
• Dámelo!
• Come!
• Vístete!
• Siéntate!

15
El Imperativo

• It isn't surprising that children quickly learn
  their own set of commands, both for adults and
  for their peers.

• Watch me!
• Help me!
• Shut up!
• Follow me!
• Don't tell me!
• Don't take it!

• Mírame!
• Ayúdame!
• Cállate!
• Sígame!
• No me digas!
• No lo tomes!

16
El Imperativo

• Nobody ever bothers to explain to children how to
  make commands in a language.
• Would they sit still and listen?
• Would they understand if they did?
• We just use commands on them, and they learn to
  use them by imitating us.

17
El Imperativo

• First, most positive tú commands sound just
  like the ella form of the verb. The difference
  is that the speaker is talking to someone, not
  about her.
• María, canta.
• Mary, sing.
• Vs.
• María canta.
• Mary is singing.

18
El Imperativo
19
El Imperativo

• Test your understanding of the form by
  translating the following commands.

20
El Imperativo

• Open the door!
• Abrir
• Abre la puerta!
• Shake the bottle!
• Agitar
• Agita la botella!
• Walk!
• Andar
• Anda!

21
El Imperativo

• You may notice that these look just like the
  simple statements. The difference is in the
  voice.
• When you make commands, you look directly at the
  person and use a more strident tone, even when
  being polite.
• I will indicate this by using an exclamation
  point, though commands often occur without such
  punctuation.

22
El Imperativo

• Smash the bug!
• Aplastar
• Aplasta el bicho!
• Attend class!
• Asistir
• Asiste la clase!
• Learn the lesson!
• Aprender
• Aprende la lección!

23
El Imperativo

• Get out of the car!
• Bajar
• Baja del carro!
• Drink your coffee!
• Beber
• Bebe tu café!
• Kiss your mom!
• Besar
• Besa a tu mamá!

24
El Imperativo

• Close the door!
• Cerrar
• Cierra la puerta!
• Cook the dinner!
• Cocinar
• Cocina la cena!
• Share your sandwich!
• Compartir
• Comparte tu sándwich!

25
El Imperativo

• Run!
• Correr
• Corre!
• Believe me!
• Creer
• Créeme!
• Decide!
• Decidir
• Decide!

26
El Imperativo

• Leave me alone!
• Dejar
• Déjame solo!
• Return the books!
• Devolver
• Devuelve los libros!
• Send the package!
• Enviar
• Envia el paquete!

27
El Imperativo

• Push the key!
• Empujar
• Empuja la tecla!
• Write to me!
• Escribir
• Escríbeme!
• Wait for me!
• Esperar
• Espérame!

28
El Imperativo

• Study!
• Estudiar
• Estudia!
• Win!
• Ganar
• Gana!
• Shout!
• Gritar
• Grita!

29
El Imperativo

• Read the book!
• Leer
• Lee el libro!
• Clean your room!
• Limpiar
• Limpia tu cuarto!
• Fill the cups!
• Llenar
• Llena las tazas!

30
El Imperativo

• Drive carefully!
• Manejar
• Maneja con cuidado!
• Swim with your sister!
• Nadar
• Nada con tu hermana!
• Check the oil!
• Revisar
• Revisa el aceite!

31
El Imperativo

• You may have noticed that we have not discussed
  the other you forms or the we form.
• In fact we have not discussed the negative tú
  form either.
• That is because all of those (except the
  vosotros) fall into pattern number two.

32
El Imperativo

• To form the command for Ud., Uds., and nosotros,
  as well as for the negative tú, we use the
  following pattern
• Yo minus O, flip-flop, preterit stem change for
  us.
• Let me explain that and then give you a chance to
  practice with some examples.

33
El Imperativo

• Yo minus O, flip-flop, preterit stem change for
  us.
• Start with the yo form of the present tense.

Hablo
34
El Imperativo

• Yo minus O, flip-flop, preterit stem change for
  us.
• Start with the yo form of the present tense.

Habl
o
35
El Imperativo

• Yo minus O, flip-flop, preterit stem change for
  us.
• Start with the yo form of the present tense.

Habl
o
Drop the o
36
El Imperativo

• Yo minus O, flip-flop, preterit stem change for
  us.
• Start with the yo form of the present tense.

Habl
Drop the o
Use ER endings because Hablar is an AR verb.
Hence, flip-flop.
37
El Imperativo

• Yo minus O, flip-flop, preterit stem change for
  us.
• Start with the yo form of the present tense.

Habl
No Hables
Hablemos
Hablen Uds.
Hable Ud.
38
El Imperativo

• Yo minus O, flip-flop, preterit stem change for
  us.
• Start with the yo form of the present tense.

Conozco
39
El Imperativo

• Yo minus O, flip-flop, preterit stem change for
  us.
• Start with the yo form of the present tense.

Conozc
o
40
El Imperativo

• Yo minus O, flip-flop, preterit stem change for
  us.
• Start with the yo form of the present tense.

Conozc
o
Drop the o
41
El Imperativo

• Yo minus O, flip-flop, preterit stem change for
  us.
• Start with the yo form of the present tense.

Conozc
Drop the o
Use AR endings because Conocer is an ER verb.
Hence, flip-flop.
42
El Imperativo

• Yo minus O, flip-flop, preterit stem change for
  us.
• Start with the yo form of the present tense.

Conozc
No Conozcas
Conozcamos
Conozcan Uds.
Conozca Ud.
43
El Imperativo

• The last part of the pattern did not come into
  action because neither verb has a stem change in
  the preterit tense.
• Observe what happens when we look at stem
  changers.
• Remember there are three kinds
• Change in present tense only.
• Different changes in both the present and
  preterit.
• The same change in both the present and preterit.

44
El Imperativo

• Yo minus O, flip-flop, preterit stem change for
  us.
• Here is a present tense only stem changer
• Start with the yo form of the present tense.

Vuelvo
45
El Imperativo

• Yo minus O, flip-flop, preterit stem change for
  us.
• Here is a present tense only stem changer
• Start with the yo form of the present tense.

Vuelv
o
46
El Imperativo

• Yo minus O, flip-flop, preterit stem change for
  us.
• Here is a present tense only stem changer
• Start with the yo form of the present tense.

Vuelv
o
Drop the o
47
El Imperativo

• Yo minus O, flip-flop, preterit stem change for
  us.
• Here is a present tense only stem changer
• Start with the yo form of the present tense.

Vuelv
Drop the o
Use AR endings because Volver is an ER verb.
Hence, flip-flop.
48
El Imperativo

• Yo minus O, flip-flop, preterit stem change for
  us.
• Here is a present tense only stem changer
• Start with the yo form of the present tense.

Vuelv
No Vuelvas
Vuelvan Uds.
Vuelva Ud.
49
El Imperativo

• Yo minus O, flip-flop, preterit stem change for
  us.
• Here is a present tense only stem changer
• Since there is no preterit change it reverts to
  the original form of the stem.

Vuelv
No Vuelvas
Volvamos
Vuelvan Uds.
Vuelva Ud.
50
El Imperativo

• Yo minus O, flip-flop, preterit stem change for
  us.
• This one changes the same way in both tenses.
• Start with the yo form of the present tense.

Pido
51
El Imperativo

• Yo minus O, flip-flop, preterit stem change for
  us.
• This one changes the same way in both tenses.
• Start with the yo form of the present tense.

Pid
o
52
El Imperativo

• Yo minus O, flip-flop, preterit stem change for
  us.
• This one changes the same way in both tenses.
  Start with the yo form of the present tense.

Pid
o
Drop the o
53
El Imperativo

• Yo minus O, flip-flop, preterit stem change for
  us.
• This one changes the same way in both tenses.
• Start with the yo form of the present tense.

Pid
Drop the o
Use AR endings because Pedir is an IR verb.
Hence, flip-flop.
54
El Imperativo

• Yo minus O, flip-flop, preterit stem change for
  us.
• This one changes the same way in both tenses.
• Start with the yo form of the present tense.

Pid
No Pidas
Pidan Uds.
Pida Ud.
55
El Imperativo

• Yo minus O, flip-flop, preterit stem change for
  us.
• This one changes the same way in both tenses.
• Since the preterit change is like the present
  tense it appears like there is no difference.

Pid
No Pidas
Pidamos
Pidan Uds.
Pida Ud.
56
El Imperativo

• Yo minus O, flip-flop, preterit stem change for
  us.
• This one has different changes in each tense.
• Start with the yo form of the present tense.

Duermo
57
El Imperativo

• Yo minus O, flip-flop, preterit stem change for
  us.
• This one has different changes in each tense.
• Start with the yo form of the present tense.

Duerm
o
58
El Imperativo

• Yo minus O, flip-flop, preterit stem change for
  us.
• This one has different changes in each tense.
• Start with the yo form of the present tense.

Duerm
o
Drop the o
59
El Imperativo

• Yo minus O, flip-flop, preterit stem change for
  us.
• This one has different changes in each tense.
• Start with the yo form of the present tense.

Duerm
Drop the o
Use AR endings because Dormir is an IR verb.
Hence, flip-flop.
60
El Imperativo

• Yo minus O, flip-flop, preterit stem change for
  us.
• This one has different changes in each tense.
• Start with the yo form of the present tense.

Duerm
No Duermas
Duerman Uds.
Duerma Ud.
61
El Imperativo

• Yo minus O, flip-flop, preterit stem change for
  us.
• This one has different changes in each tense.
• Since the preterit change is different from its
  present tense its difference is obvious.

Duerm
No Duermas
Durmamos
Duerman Uds.
Duerma Ud.
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El Imperativo

• Please note that the preterit stem change for us
  part applies only to verbs that are stem
  changers.
• An irregularity in the preterit tense does not
  have any effect on the verb form in the
  imperative.
• Poder for example is a ue stem changer in the
  present tense and is irregular in the preterit.
• But its command form is like volver

63
El Imperativo

• Yo minus O, flip-flop, preterit stem change for
  us.
• Here is a present tense only stem changer
• Start with the yo form of the present tense.

Puedo
64
El Imperativo

• Yo minus O, flip-flop, preterit stem change for
  us.
• Here is a present tense only stem changer
• Start with the yo form of the present tense.

Pued
o
65
El Imperativo

• Yo minus O, flip-flop, preterit stem change for
  us.
• Here is a present tense only stem changer
• Start with the yo form of the present tense.

Pued
o
Drop the o
66
El Imperativo

• Yo minus O, flip-flop, preterit stem change for
  us.
• Here is a present tense only stem changer
• Start with the yo form of the present tense.

Pued
Drop the o
Use AR endings because Volver is an ER verb.
Hence, flip-flop.
67
El Imperativo

• Yo minus O, flip-flop, preterit stem change for
  us.
• Here is a present tense only stem changer
• Start with the yo form of the present tense.

Pued
No Puedas
Puedan Uds.
Pueda Ud.
68
El Imperativo

• Yo minus O, flip-flop, preterit stem change for
  us.
• Here is a present tense only stem changer
• Since there is no preterit change it reverts to
  the original form of the stem NOT THE PRETERIT.

Pued
No Puedas
Podamos
Puedan Uds.
Pueda Ud.
69
El Imperativo

• Fortunately most verbs are regular and present no
  real problems.

70
El Imperativo

• There are a few verbs that aren't regular for
  positive tú commands. This includes six of the
  verbs that are changed so that they end with go
  in the yo form of the present tense.
• This does not include verbs that normally contain
  a g, like llegar.

71
El Imperativo

• Lets look at those six verbs and what they look
  like as positive commands.

• Decir
• Poner
• Salir
• Tener
• Venir
• Hacer

• Di!
• Pon!
• Sal!
• Ten!
• Ven!
• Haz!

72
El Imperativo

• Do you see what happens to them?
• The go of the yo form falls off!

Decir
Digo
73
El Imperativo

• Do you see what happens to them?
• The go of the yo form falls off!

Decir
Di
go
Tell or Say
Tell the truth!
Di la verdad!
74
El Imperativo

• Lets look at the others.
• From the yo of the present tense go, we make the
  positive command!

Poner
Pongo
75
El Imperativo

• Lets look at the others.
• From the yo of the present tense go, we make the
  positive command!

Poner
Pon
go
Put
Put it here!
Pónlo aquí!
76
El Imperativo

• Remember the pronoun placement rule requires us
  to attach those direct object, indirect object,
  and reflexive pronouns to the end of the positive
  commands!

77
El Imperativo

• Lets look at the others.
• From the yo of the present tense go, we make the
  positive command!

Salir
Salgo
78
El Imperativo

• Lets look at the others.
• From the yo of the present tense go, we make the
  positive command!

Salir
Sal
go
Leave
Leave now!
Sal ahora mismo!
79
El Imperativo

• Lets look at the others.
• From the yo of the present tense go, we make the
  positive command!

Tener
Tengo
80
El Imperativo

• Lets look at the others.
• From the yo of the present tense go, we make the
  positive command!

Tener
Ten
go
Have
Be careful! Have care
Ten cuidado!
81
El Imperativo

• Lets look at the others.
• From the yo of the present tense go, we make the
  positive command!

Venir
Vengo
82
El Imperativo

• Lets look at the others.
• From the yo of the present tense go, we make the
  positive command!

Venir
Ven
go
Come
Come here!
Ven aquí!
83
El Imperativo

• Lets look at the others.
• From the yo of the present tense go, we make the
  positive command!

Hacer
Hago
84
El Imperativo

• Lets look at the others.
• From the yo of the present tense go, we make the
  positive command!

Hacer
Ha
go
85
El Imperativo

• Lets look at the others.
• From the yo of the present tense go, we make the
  positive command!

Hacer
Ha
z
86
El Imperativo

• Are you wondering why I added that Z?
• It is there to preserve the S sound of the C in
  haCer.
• If we end a word with a C, it gives us the hard
  sound like in the English word cat.
• This word is just a bit strange. Lets continue.

87
El Imperativo

• Lets look at the others.
• From the yo of the present tense go, we make the
  positive command!

Hacer
Ha
z
Do or Make
Do it!
Hazlo!
88
El Imperativo

• The other go verbs behave perfectly for the
  positive tú commands.

• Caer
• Oír
• Traer

• Cae!
• Oye!
• Trae!

89
El Imperativo

• You will be happy to know that theYo minus O,
  flip-flop rule, preterit stem change for us rule
  works perfectly for all the so called go verbs.
• In fact, we can drop the last part altogether for
  these. There is no preterit stem change to
  affect them!

90
El Imperativo

• Yo minus O, flip-flop.
• Start with the yo form of the present tense.

Teng
o
91
El Imperativo

• Yo minus O, flip-flop.
• Start with the yo form of the present tense.

Tengo
92
El Imperativo

• Yo minus O, flip-flop.
• Start with the yo form of the present tense.

Teng
o
Drop the o
93
El Imperativo

• Yo minus O, flip-flop.
• Start with the yo form of the present tense.

Teng
Drop the o
Use AR endings because Tener is an ER verb.
Hence, flip-flop.
94
El Imperativo

• Yo minus O, flip-flop.
• Start with the yo form of the present tense.

Teng
No Tengas
Tengamos
Tenga Ud.
Tengan Uds.
95
El Imperativo

• Yo minus O, flip-flop.
• Start with the yo form of the present tense.

Caig
o
96
El Imperativo

• Yo minus O, flip-flop.
• Start with the yo form of the present tense.

Caigo
97
El Imperativo

• Yo minus O, flip-flop.
• Start with the yo form of the present tense.

Caig
o
Drop the o
98
El Imperativo

• Yo minus O, flip-flop.
• Start with the yo form of the present tense.

Caig
Drop the o
Use AR endings because Caer is an ER verb.
Hence, flip-flop.
99
El Imperativo

• Yo minus O, flip-flop.
• Start with the yo form of the present tense.

Caig
No Caigas
Caigamos
Caiga Ud.
Caigan Uds.
100
El Imperativo

• A bit of a digression about the words for YOU as
  we use them in Spanish as opposed to the way we
  use them in English is in order here.
• Originally, both languages had one word for a
  single person being addressed and another word
  for addressing more than one person.

101
El Imperativo

• English
• Singular Plural
• Thou You
• Spanish
• Singular Plural
• Tú Vosotros

102
El Imperativo

• English
• Lost its singular form
• Spanish
• Added a formal version

103
El Imperativo

• So we now have this arrangement
• English
• Singular Plural
• You You
• Spanish
• Singular Plural
• familiar Tú Vosotros
• formal Ud. Uds.

104
El Imperativo

• This has created some interesting twists in
  working between the two languages.
• In the command forms this is evident in the way
  the forms develop.

105
El Imperativo

• The Vosotros form is really easy to learn.
• There are no irregulars.
• To form the positive Vosotros command, just
  replace the R of the infinitive with a D.
• Ser Sed
• Salir Salid
• Ir Id
• Mentir Mentid

106
El Imperativo

• To form the negative Vosotros command, just apply
  the same rules for the nosotros and use the
  appropriate ending.
• Hablar Hablemos No habléis
• Comer Comamos No comáis
• Volver Volvamos No volváis
• Pedir Pidamos No pidáis
• Dormir Durmamos No durmáis

107
El Imperativo

• Thus, all the forms of tú and vosotros have a
  positive and a negative form
• Habla! No hables!
• Hablad! No habléis!

108
El Imperativo

• Note also that the positive familiar forms are
  distinct from all the others
• Familiar Others
• Habla! Hable Ud.!
• Hablad! Hablemos!
• Hablen Uds.!

109
El Imperativo

• Test your understanding of the form by
  translating the following commands.

110
El Imperativo

• Dont open the door!
• Abrir
• No abras la puerta!
• Sara and Anita, dont shake the bottle!
• Agitar
• Sara y Anita, no agiten la botella!
• Lets walk!
• Andar
• Andemos!

111
El Imperativo

• Tommy, dont smash the bug!
• Aplastar
• Tomacito, no aplastes el bicho!
• Lets ask!
• Preguntar
• Preguntemos!
• Dont lie to me!
• Mentir
• No me mientas!

112
El Imperativo

• Remember that the direct and indirect object
  pronouns are attached to the end of positive
  commands. This is a negative command, so the
  pronoun come before the verb!

113
El Imperativo

• Get out of the car! two people
• Bajar
• Bajen del carro!
• Drink your coffee, gentlemen!
• Beber
• Beban su café, señores!
• Kiss your mom, children! in Mexico
• Besar
• Besen a su mamá, niños!

114
El Imperativo

• Mrs. Smith, please close the door!
• Cerrar
• Sra. Smith, cierre Ud. la puerta, por favor!
• Lets cook the dinner!
• Cocinar
• Cocinemos la cena!
• Share your sandwich, children!
• Compartir
• Compartan su bocadillo, muchachos!

115
El Imperativo

• Don't run!
• Correr
• No corras!
• Believe me, Mr. Jones!
• Creer
• Créame Ud., Sr. Jones!
• Mr. and Mrs. Smith, please decide!
• Decidir
• Sr. y Sra. Smith, decidan Uds. por favor!

116
El Imperativo

• Leave me alone! many people
• Dejar
• Déjenme solo!
• Dont return the books now! everyone in the
  room
• Devolver
• No devuelvan los libros ahora!
• Lets send the package!
• Enviar
• Enviemos el paquete!

117
El Imperativo

• Dont push the key!
• Empujar
• No empujes la tecla!
• Write to me, my friends!
• Escribir
• Escríbanme, mis amigos!
• Wait for me, sir!
• Esperar
• Espéreme, señor!

118
El Imperativo

• Study! a group of friends
• Estudiar
• Estudien!
• Lets win!
• Ganar
• Ganemos!
• Dont shout! a group of friends
• Gritar
• No griten!

119
El Imperativo

• Hear! or Listen! Addressed to a friend
• Oír
• Oye!
• Don't listen!
• Oír
• No oigas!
• Dont leave!
• Salir
• No salgas!

120
El Imperativo

• Read the book! the students in the class
• Leer
• Lean el libro!
• Dont start the game!
• Empezar (ie)
• No empieces el partido!
• Lets start the game!
• Empezar (ie)
• Empecemos el partido!

121
El Imperativo

• Follow me! a friend
• Seguir (i,i)
• Sígueme!
• Dont follow me! a friend
• Seguir (i,i)
• No me sigas!
• Lets follow the car!
• Seguir (i,i)
• Sigamos el carro!

122
El Imperativo

• Drive carefully! to my friends
• Manejar
• Manejen con cuidado!
• Swim together!
• Nadar
• Naden juntos!
• Check the oil, sir!
• Revisar
• Revise Ud. el aceite, señor!

123
El Imperativo

• The only verbs that do not follow the yo minus o
  flip-flop rule are
• Ser
• Saber
• Ir
• Haber
• Learn them by repeating
• Sea

124
El Imperativo

• The only verbs that do not follow the yo minus o
  flip-flop rule are
• Ser
• Saber
• Ir
• Haber
• Learn them by repeating
• Sea, Sepa

125
El Imperativo

• The only verbs that do not follow the yo minus o
  flip-flop rule are
• Ser
• Saber
• Ir
• Haber
• Learn them by repeating
• Sea, Sepa, Vaya

126
El Imperativo

• The only verbs that do not follow the yo minus o
  flip-flop rule are
• Ser
• Saber
• Ir
• Haber
• Learn them by repeating
• Sea, Sepa, Vaya, Haya

127
El Imperativo

• The only verbs that do not follow the yo minus o
  flip-flop rule are
• Ser
• Saber
• Ir
• Haber
• Learn them by repeating
• Sea, Sepa, Vaya, Haya

128
El Imperativo

• The only verbs that do not follow the yo minus o
  flip-flop rule are
• Ser
• Saber
• Ir
• Haber
• Learn them by repeating
• Sea

129
El Imperativo

• The only verbs that do not follow the yo minus o
  flip-flop rule are
• Ser
• Saber
• Ir
• Haber
• Learn them by repeating
• Sea, Sepa

130
El Imperativo

• The only verbs that do not follow the yo minus o
  flip-flop rule are
• Ser
• Saber
• Ir
• Haber
• Learn them by repeating
• Sea, Sepa, Vaya

131
El Imperativo

• The only verbs that do not follow the yo minus o
  flip-flop rule are
• Ser
• Saber
• Ir
• Haber
• Learn them by repeating
• Sea, Sepa, Vaya, Haya

132
El Imperativo

• The only verbs that do not follow the yo minus o
  flip-flop rule are
• Ser
• Saber
• Ir
• Haber
• Learn them by repeating
• Sea

133
El Imperativo

• The only verbs that do not follow the yo minus o
  flip-flop rule are
• Ser
• Saber
• Ir
• Haber
• Learn them by repeating
• Sea, Sepa

134
El Imperativo

• The only verbs that do not follow the yo minus o
  flip-flop rule are
• Ser
• Saber
• Ir
• Haber
• Learn them by repeating
• Sea, Sepa, Vaya

135
El Imperativo

• The only verbs that do not follow the yo minus o
  flip-flop rule are
• Ser
• Saber
• Ir
• Haber
• Learn them by repeating
• Sea, Sepa, Vaya, Haya

136
El Imperativo

• The only verbs that do not follow the yo minus o
  flip-flop rule are
• Ser
• Saber
• Ir
• Haber
• Learn them by repeating
• Sea, Sepa, Vaya, Haya

137
El Imperativo

• This is the Ud. Form of the command. The
  positive Tú is a bit different, but not difficult
  to remember

Ser Saber Ir Haber
Sé Sabe Ve Hé
Sea Ud. Sepa Ud. Vaya Ud. Haya Ud.
138
El Imperativo

• Test your understanding of the form by
  translating the following commands.

139
El Imperativo

• Know how to learn!
• Saber
• Sabe aprender!
• Be nice!
• Ser
• Sé simpático!
• Go home!
• Ir
• Vé a casa!

140
El Imperativo

• Know how to learn, class!
• Saber
• Sepan aprender!
• Dont be mean!
• Ser
• No seas antipático!
• Dont go home!
• Ir
• No vayas a casa!

141
El Imperativo

• The only thing left to consider is the effect
  that the pronouns have on the command forms,
  especially when we deal with reflexives.
• Remember that the pronoun will be attached to the
  end of positive commands
• But they will be in front of negative ones.

142
El Imperativo

• Sit down!
• Sentarse
• Siéntate!
• Dont sit there!
• No te sientes allí!
• Get out of here!
• Irse
• Véte por aquí!
• Dont leave!
• No te vayas!

143
El Imperativo

• Finally, the positive command for the nosotros
  form of reflexive verbs loses the extra S to make
  it more easily pronounced
• Reunamosnos becomes
• Reunámonos
• Levantemosnos becomes
• Levantémonos

144
El Imperativo

• The same thing happens to the D in the vosotros
  form
• Reunidos becomes
• Reuníos
• Levantados becomes
• Levantaos

145
El Imperativo

• Remember, there are only 3 major forms for
  creating the commands
• Tú Él or ella form, Present Tense  

146
El Imperativo

• Remember, there are only 3 major forms for
  creating the commands
• Tú Él or ella form, Present Tense
• No tú Yo minus "o", flip/flop

147
El Imperativo

• Remember, there are only 3 major forms for
  creating the commands
• Tú Él or ella form, Present Tense
• No tú Yo minus "o", flip/flop
• Ud. Yo minus "o", flip/flop

148
El Imperativo

• Remember, there are only 3 major forms for
  creating the commands
• Tú Él or ella form, Present Tense
• No tú Yo minus "o", flip/flopUd. Yo minus
  "o", flip/flop
• Nosotros Yo minus "o", flip/flop

149
El Imperativo

• Remember, there are only 3 major forms for
  creating the commands
• Tú Él or ella form, Present Tense
• No tú Yo minus "o", flip/flopUd. Yo minus
  "o", flip/flopNosotros Yo minus "o", flip/flop
• No vosotros Yo minus "o", flip/flop    

150
El Imperativo

• Remember, there are only 3 major forms for
  creating the commands
• Tú Él or ella form, Present Tense
• No tú Yo minus "o", flip/flopUd. Yo minus
  "o", flip/flopNosotros Yo minus "o", flip/flop
  No vosotros Yo minus "o", flip/flop  
• Uds. Yo minus "o", flip/flop

151
El Imperativo

• Remember, there are only 3 major forms for
  creating the commands
• Tú Él or ella form, Present Tense
• No tú Yo minus "o", flip/flopUd. Yo minus
  "o", flip/flopNosotros Yo minus "o", flip/flop
  No vosotros Yo minus "o", flip/flop   Uds.
  Yo minus "o", flip/flop
• Vosotros Replace the "r" of the infinitive
  with a "d."  

152
El Imperativo

• Remember, there are only 3 major forms for
  creating the commands
• Tú Él or ella form, Present Tense
• No tú Yo minus "o", flip/flopUd. Yo minus
  "o", flip/flopNosotros Yo minus "o", flip/flop
  No vosotros Yo minus "o", flip/flop   Uds.
  Yo minus "o", flip/flop
• Vosotros Replace the "r" of the infinitive
  with a "d."  

153
El Imperativo

• Let me try to reduce this to some simple summary
  notes
• The conjugation paradigm looks like this
• Nosotros Yo
  menos "o" flip-flop
• Tú Él presente/"go" verbs Vosotros
  Replace the "r" with a "d"
• drop the go
• No tú Yo menos "o" flip-flop No vosotros
  Yo menos "o" flip-flop
• Ud. Yo menos "o" flip-flop Uds. Yo menos
  "o" flip-flop

154
El Imperativo

• Flip-flop means use opposite endings
• AR verbs use ER endings
• ER and IR verbs use AR endings
• All stem changes are preserved
• Class I changes occur in all but nosotros and
  vosotros and no vosotros. ex. (i)
• Class III changes occur in all but the vosotros.
  ex. (i, i)
• Class II present tense changes occur in yo, tú,
  no tú, Ud. and Uds. Preterit changes occur in
  the nosotros and the no vosotros. ex. (i, ie)

155
El Imperativo

• If we use the paradigm from above to express the
  effect of stem changes in the imperative, it
  would look like this
• Nosotros Preterit Stem
• Tú Present Stem Vosotros No Stem Change
• No tú Present Stem No vosotros Preterit Stem
• Ud. Present Stem Uds. Present Stem

156
El Imperativo

• "Go" verbs ignore stem changes.
• Six of the Go verbs drop the go for the
  positive tú form.
• The Ud. forms of the following verbs are
  irregular Ser, Saber, Ir, Haber
• Sea, Sepa, Vaya, Haya
• Change the "-mosnos" of the reflexives to
  "-monos and drop the d in vosotros the form.
  -ados becomes -aos.

157
El Imperativo

• This concludes the explanation of the imperative.
  We will do more exercises with it in class so
  you can become more comfortable with it.
• Practice by saying the positive and negative tú
  forms of verbs
• Sal, no salgas. Vete, no te vayas. Ven, no
  vengas. Come, no comas. Abre, no abras.
  Duérmete, no te duermas . . .