The Spheres of the Earth

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The Spheres of the Earth
2
World Geography
Chapter 2 Water, Climate and Vegetation
3
World Geography
Artic Ocean
Russia and Eurasian Republic
N. America
Europe
Atlantic Ocean
E. Asia
Pacific Ocean
S. Asia
Modern Middle East
M. America
Sub-Sahara Africa
Pacific Ocean
Indian Ocean
N. America
S. E. Asia
S. America
Europe
Oceania
Australia
Southern Ocean
Antarctica
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The Atmosphere

• Atmosphere The gaseous envelope of air
  surrounding Earth, made up of a mixture of about
  78 nitrogen, 21 oxygen and 1 other gases and
  water vapor.
• It is the outer most and least dense sphere
• Reflects, absorbs and alters the suns harmful
  ultra violet (UV) rays
• Supports all life forms by providing oxygen and
  carbon dioxide
• Carries and holds water vapor,
• influencing precipitation and
• humidity
• Influences winds and
• atmospheric pressure

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The Geosphere

• Geosphere The rocks, mountains, the
  lithospheric plates and other physical features
  of Earth, except water.
• The main divisions of the geosphere are the
  crust, mantle and core (inner and outer).
• One specific part of the geosphere is the
  lithosphere which consists of the rigid mantle
  and the asthenosphere.
• This includes the rock layers of
• the ocean floor.
• The geosphere is always c
• hanging through volcanic activity,
• plate tectonics and erosion.

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The Hydrosphere

• Hydrosphere the collective mass of water found
  on, under, and over the surface of a planet.
• This includes the water in the oceans, lakes,
  rivers, ground water, the ice at the poles and
  even the water vapor in the atmosphere.
• Approximately 70.8 per cent of the Earth is
  covered by water
• Majority of Earths water is salty 98
• Only 2 is fresh water, with 80
• of the fresh water is ice locked.
• Causes the atmosphere to
• appear blue

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The Biosphere

• Biosphere All living organisms in the Earth
  system and their environment
• The vegetation, humans, animals, single cell
  organisms and fish in the ocean.
• Basically the Earths ecosystems.

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The Interaction of the Spheres

• The four spheres, geosphere, hydrosphere,
  atmosphere and biosphere, are All living
  organisms in the Earth system and their
  environment .
• Volcanoes (geosphere) erupt, sending ash and
  gases into the air (atmosphere) and lava and ash
  down onto surrounding forests (biosphere) and
  human habitation (biosphere).
• Plants (biosphere) draw carbon dioxide from the
  air (atmosphere) and water (hydrosphere) they
  release oxygen back into the air (atmosphere) and
  serve as food for other creatures (biosphere).
• Hurricanes (atmosphere) sweep across the ocean
  (hydrosphere) and onto the land (geosphere), and
  damages cities and homes (biosphere).
• Human beings (biosphere) drill wells
• into Earths crust (geosphere) to
• draw out groundwater (hydrosphere)
• for drinking and irrigation
• of crops (biosphere).

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The Environment
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World Geography
Chapter 2 Water, Climate and Vegetation Section
I The Water Planet
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Hydrosphere

• Ocean the ancient Greeks noticing the strong
  current that flowed off Gibraltar
• This global, interconnected body of salt water,
  called the World Oceans, is generally divided by
  the continents into the following bodies, from
  the largest to the smallest the Pacific Ocean,
  the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, the
  Southern Ocean, and the Artic Ocean.

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The Hydrosphere
Surface Area of the Planet (510,066,000 sq km)
Land Area on the Planet (148,647,000 sq km)
29.1 Ocean Area (335,258,000 sq km) Total
Water Area (361,419,000 sq km) 70.9 Type of
Water (97 salt), (3 fresh)
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The Hydrosphere
Pacific Ocean Largest and deepest
Atlantic Ocean
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The Hydrosphere
Arctic Ocean Smallest
Indian Ocean
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The Hydrosphere
For many years only (4) four oceans were
officially recognized, and then in the spring of
2000, the International Hydrographic Organization
established the Southern Ocean, and determined
its limits. Those limits include all water below
60 degrees south, and some of it, like the Arctic
Ocean, is frozen.
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Surface Water

• Oceanography (Marine Science) is the study of
  the Earth's oceans and seas.

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Surface Water

• Water on the Continents The water located on
  the continents may be collected in a variety of
  formations, such as

• Bay
• Bayou
• Brook
• Canal
• Channel
• Creek
• Estuary
• Fjord
• Gulf
• Harbor

• Lake
• Pond
• Reservoir
• River
• Sea
• Stream
• Sound
• Strait
• Swamp

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The Hydrosphere

• Gulf or Bay is a part of a lake or ocean that
  extends so that it is surrounded by land on three
  sides.

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The Hydrosphere

• Wetlands any landscape that is covered with
  water for at least part of the year.

Wetland

• Canals are man-made waterways, usually
  connecting existing lakes, rivers, or oceans.
  There are two main types of canal
• Irrigation canal used for the delivery of
  water
• Transportation canals for passage of goods and
  
• people.

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The Hydrosphere

• Strait and Channel a relatively narrow body of
  water that connects two larger bodies of water.

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The Hydrosphere

• Estuary connection with the open sea and
  within which seawater mixes with freshwater.

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The Hydrosphere

• Fjord (or fiord) is a narrow inlet of the sea
  between cliffs or steep slopes. A fjord is eroded
  significantly below sea level allowing deep-draft
  vessels to navigate easily.

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The Hydrosphere

• Harbor or Haven is a place where ships may
  shelter from the weather or are stored.

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The Hydrosphere

• Lake is a body of water or other liquid of
  considerable size surrounded by land. The vast
  majority of lakes on Earth are fresh water, and
  most lie in the Northern Hemisphere at higher
  latitudes. Smaller lakes tend to put the word
  "lake" after the name, as in Green Lake, while
  larger lakes often invert the word order, as in
  Lake Michigan.

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The Hydrosphere

• Pond is a body of water smaller than a lake.
  However the difference between a pond and a lake
  is subjective. Pond usually describes small
  bodies of water, generally smaller than one would
  require a boat to cross.

• Reservoir is, most broadly, anything used for
  storage of large amounts of a liquid

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The Hydrosphere

• Sea is a large expanse of saline water
  connected with an ocean, or a large, usually
  saline, lakes that lack a natural outlet such as
  the Caspian Sea and the Dead Sea. The term is
  synonymous with ocean.

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The Hydrosphere

• Sound is a large sea or ocean inlet larger
  than a bay and wider than a fjord, or it may
  identify a narrow sea or ocean channel between
  two bodies of land.

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The Hydrosphere

• The Water cycle movement of water on, above
  and below the surface of the Earth

Part 1 Part 2
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The Hydrosphere
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The Hydrosphere

• Groundwater water found beneath the surface of
  the Earth
• Aquifers rocks layers which water flows
  rivers under ground
• Water table the level when all the space
  beneath the Earths surface is filled with water.
  
• construction
• homes,
• housing areas,
• communities and
• cities

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The Hydrosphere

• Drainage basin the route waters flows to the
  ocean or lakes

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The Hydrosphere
How do we get more fresh water?
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The Hydrosphere
How do we get more fresh water?
Desalination
The removal of excess salt and other minerals
from water in order to obtain fresh water
suitable for animal consumption or irrigation
however, almost all of the salt is removed, for
human consumption.
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The Hydrosphere

• Natural disasters
• Flooding
• Rivers flow over relatively flat land
• Bordered by flood plains
• Caused by heavy rainfall or melting snow
• Benefits of flooding, it deposits silt on the
  flood plain, improving its fertility
• Flash flood occurs during or immediately
  following heavy rainfall, usually last a short
  time. However violent.

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World Geography
Chapter 2 Water, Climate and Vegetation Section
II Climate
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Factors Affecting Climate
Climate Weather conditions in a geographic
region over a long period of time
Weather The condition of the atmosphere at a
given time or place.
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Factors Affecting Climate
Climate Weather conditions in a geographic
region over a long period of time
Weather The condition of the atmosphere at a
given time or place.
Tilt of the Earth
Ocean Current
La Nena
Temperature
Orographic effect/lift
El Nino
Rotation - winds
Biosphere
Geosphere
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The Winds

• Wind The roughly horizontal movement of air
  caused by uneven heating of the Earth's surface
  and the Earths Rotation (Coriolis Effect)
• Global winds resulting from solar heating of the
  Earth Surface and Oceans
• Air naturally moves from areas of
• high pressure to areas of low pressure
• Move heat and cool across the
• Earths surface
• The air is deflected to the right in the
• Northern Hemisphere and to the
• left in the Southern Hemisphere

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The Winds

• Prevailing winds
• Blow in the same direction most of the year
• Blow from the northeast and southeast towards
  the equator
• Known as the trade winds
• Middle latitudes known as westerlies
• High latitudes come mainly from the east off
  the ocean, blow from the polar region to the
  middle latitudes

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The Winds
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The Winds

• Doldrums A region along the equator, which is
  usually calm
• Monsoon A wind pattern that reverses direction
  with the seasons.

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The Winds

• Jet Stream A region along the equator, which
  is usually calm
• Fast flowing, relatively narrow air currents
  found in the atmosphere
• Formed at the boundaries of adjacent air masses
  - polar region and gulf stream
• Westerly winds (flowing west to east) in the
  Northern and Southern Hemisphere
• Moves most major weather patterns
• Gulf Stream A powerful, warm, and swift
  Atlantic Ocean current that originates in the
  Gulf of Mexico, exits through the Strait of
  Florida follows the eastern coastlines of the
  U.S.

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The Winds
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The Winds
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The Winds
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The Winds
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The Orographic lift

• Orographic lift The changing in air masses as
  it moves over areas of high elevation.

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The Orographic lift
Air flow
Windward side
Leeward side
Clouds
Snowline
Rain shadow
Precipitation Rain and Snow
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The Orographic lift
Windward side
Leeward side
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The Oceans

• Ocean currents
• heat and cool slower than land
• area near the oceans have usually milder
  temperatures
• ocean currents move heat back and forth between
  the tropics and the polar regions
• Ocean currents are created by winds, Earths
  rotation and varying ocean temperatures

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The Oceans
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The Oceans
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The Ninos
La Nina
El Nino
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Biosphere
People pollution car exhaust, hair sprays and
burning
Greenhouse effect
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World Geography
Chapter 2 Water, Climate and Vegetation Section
III Climate Zones and Vegetation
56
Climates
Section II
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Tropical Climates Rain Forest
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Tropical Climates Savanna
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Dry Climates - Arid
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Dry Climates Semi Arid
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Mid. Latitude Climates Humid Subtropical
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Mid. Latitude Climates Humid Continental
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Mid. Latitude Climates Marine West Coast
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Mid. Latitude Climates Mediterranean
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High Latitude Climates Subarctic
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High Latitude Climates Tundra
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High Latitudes Climates Ice Cap
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World Geography
Chapter 2 Water, Climate and Vegetation Section
IV The Environment and Society
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Biosphere
Biosphere
Geosphere
Atmosphere
Hydrosphere

• Irrigation
• Pollutants

• Pollution
• Greenhouse effect
• Acid rain

• Deforestation
• Soil exhaustion

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Ecosystem
Biosphere
Forest
Animals
Hydrosphere

• Waste
• Pollute

• Population

• Population
• Clear cutting
• Forest fires

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Waste Hierarchy
Section V