BASIC ENERGY SCIENCES Serving the Present, Shaping the Future

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BASIC ENERGY SCIENCES -- Serving the Present,
Shaping the Future
Office of Basic Energy SciencesOffice of
ScienceU.S. Department of Energy
Basic Research Needs for the Hydrogen Economy
Dr. Patricia M. Dehmer Director, Office of Basic
Energy Sciences Office of Science U.S. Department
of Energy 12 April 2004 NRC Board on Energy
Environmental Systems (BEES)
http//www.sc.doe.gov/bes/
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Department of Energy Organization
EM
DP
EE/RE
NN
FE
NE
SC
RW
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DOEs Office of Science
DirectorRaymond L. Orbach Principal Deputy
DirectorJames F. Decker Deputy Director for
OperationsMilton D. Johnson Chief of Staff
Jeff Salmon
BES is here
Office of Advanced Scientific Computing
Res. Associate Director C. Edward Oliver
Office of Basic Energy Sciences Associate
Director Patricia Dehmer
Office of Fusion Energy Sciences Associate
Director N. Anne Davies
Office of High Energy Physics Associate
Director Robin Staffin
Office of Nuclear Physics Associate
Director Dennis Kovar
Office of Biological and Environmental
Res Associate Director Aristides Patrinos
BES
is one of the Nation's largest sponsors of
basic research, with a budget of 1B supports
research in 150 academic institutions and 13 DOE
laboratories supports world-class scientific
user facilities and is uniquely responsible in
the Federal government for supporting fundamental
research in materials sciences, chemistry,
geosciences, and aspects of biosciences related
to energy resources, production, conversion,
efficiency, and use.
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Basic Research for a Secure Energy
Future Supply, End Use, and Carbon Management
Global Climate Change Science
Policy
Fossil Carbon Energy Sources
Non-Carbon Energy Sources
Carbon Recycle
CO2 Sequestration
Energy Consumption
Coal
Nuclear Fission
Natural
Transportation
Geologic
Petroleum
Synthetic
Buildings
Terrestrial
Nuclear Fusion
Industrial
Ocean
Natural Gas
Hydrogen
Oil shale, tar sands, hydrates,
Geothermal
Hydroelectric
Elements Addressed by the BES Program
Solar
Wind
Conservation and Efficiency
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The Energy Problem

• Fossil fuels provide about 85 of the worlds
  energy. Although reserves are adequate for the
  next 50 to 100 years, there are two reasons to
  seek alternative energy sources now
• The largest reserves of one of the most important
  fossil fuels, petroleum, reside outside the U.S.
  in politically unstable regions of the world.
• The production and release of carbon dioxide into
  the atmosphere pose the risk of global warming.
• All of the alternatives to fossil fuels, even
  when summed together, today make at best marginal
  contributions to energy production.
• The BESAC report highlighted 37 proposed research
  directions, most of which already were
  represented in the BES portfolio of activities

Workshop October 21-25, 2002 Report March
2003 Dr. John Stringer, EPRI, Chair Dr. Linda
Horton, ORNL, Co-Chair
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Basic Research Needs for the Hydrogen Economy

• There exists an enormous gap between present
  state-of-the-art capabilities and requirements
  that will allow hydrogen to be competitive with
  todays energy technologies
• Production 9M tons ? 40M tons (vehicles)
• Storage 4.4 MJ/L (10K psi gas) ? 9.72 MJ/L
• Fuel cells 3,000/kW ? 35/kW (gasoline engine)
• Major RD efforts will be required
• Simple improvements of todays technologies will
  not meet requirements
• Technical barriers can be overcome only with high
  risk/high payoff basic research
• Research is highly interdisciplinary, requiring
  chemistry, materials science, physics, biology,
  engineering, nanoscience, computational science.
• Basic and applied research should couple
  seamlessly.

Workshop May 13-15, 2003 Report Summer
2003 This was the first comprehensive study
devoted entirely to the basic research needs
associated with a future hydrogen economy.
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Basic Research for Hydrogen Production, Storage,
and UseMay 13-15, 2003

• Workshop Chair Millie Dresselhaus (MIT)
• Associate Chairs George Crabtree (ANL)
• Michelle Buchanan (ORNL)

Breakout Sessions Hydrogen Production Tom
Mallouk, PSU Laurie Mets, U. Chicago Hydrogen
Storage and Distribution Kathy Taylor, GM
(retired) Puru Jena, VCU Fuel Cells and Novel
Fuel Cell Materials Frank DiSalvo, Cornell
Tom Zawodzinski, CWRU
Pre-Workshop Briefings by EERE Hydrogen
Storage JoAnn Milliken Fuel Cells Nancy
Garland Hydrogen Production Mark Paster
Charge To identify fundamental research needs
and opportunities in hydrogen production,
storage, and use, with a focus on new, emerging
and scientifically challenging areas that have
the potential to have significant impact in
science and technologies. Highlighted areas will
include improved and new materials and processes
for hydrogen generation and storage, and for
future generations of fuel cells for effective
energy conversion.
Workshop Plenary Session Speakers Steve Chalk
(DOE-EERE) -- overview George Thomas (SNL-CA) --
storage Scott Jorgensen (GM) -- storage Jae
Edmonds (PNNL) -- environmental Jay Keller
(SNL-CA) hydrogen safety
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Basic Research for Hydrogen Production, Storage
and Use Workshop

• 125 Participants
• Universities
• National Laboratories
• Industries
• DOE SC and technology offices
• Other Federal Agencies - including OMB, OSTP,
  NRL, NIST, NSF, NAS, USDA, and House Science
  Committee staff

Remarks from News Reporters American Institute
of Physics Bulletin of Science Policy News Number
71 Dresselhaus remarked that there were some
very promising ideas, and she was more
optimistic after the workshop that some of the
potential showstoppers may have solutions.
solving the problems will need long-term support
across several Administrations. Progress will
require the cooperation of different offices
within DOE, and also the involvement of
scientists from other countries, CE News
June 9, 2003 MOVING TOWARD A HYDROGEN ECONOMY
DOE Workshop Brings Together Scientists to
Prioritize Research Needs for Switching to
Hydrogen Economy.
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Priority Research Areas in Hydrogen Production
Bio- and Bio-inspired H2 Production Biological
enzyme catalysis nanoassemblies bio-inspired
materials and processes Nuclear and
Solar Thermal Hydrogen Thermodynamic data and
modeling novel materials membranes and catalysts
Fossil Fuel Reforming Catalysis membranes
theory and modeling nanoscience Solar
Photoelectrochemistry/Photocatalysis Understandin
g physical mechanisms novel materials theory
and modeling stability of materials
Synthetic catalysts for water oxidation and
hydrogen activation
Ni surface-alloyed with Au to reduce carbon
poisoning
High T operation places severe demands on reactor
design and on materials
Dye-Sensitized solar cells
Source BES Hydrogen Workshop Report
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Priority Research Areas in Hydrogen Storage
Novel and Nanoscale Materials
Li, Nature 1999
Neutron imaging of hydrogen
Cup-stacked carbon nNanofiber
Nanoporous inorganic-organic compounds
Complex metal hydrides can be recharged on board
the vehicles
Theory and Modeling To Understand Mechanisms,
Predict Property Trends, Guide Discovery of New
Materials
H Adsorption in nanotube array
Chemical hydrides will need off-board regeneration
Source BES Hydrogen Workshop Report
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Energy Density of Fuels

• Ideal Solid State Storage Material for Hydrogen
• High gravimetric and volumetric density (10 wt
  )
• Fast kinetics
• Favorable thermodynamics
• Reversible and recyclable
• Material integrity
• Minimal lattice expansion
• Absence of embrittlement
• Safe
• Cost effective

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gasoline
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liquid H2
compressed gas H2
Volumetric Energy Density (MJ / L system)
proposed DOE goal
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chemical hydrides
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0
10
20
30
40
complex hydrides
Gravimetric Energy Density (MJ/kg system)
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Priority Research Areas in Fuel Cells
Electrocatalysts and Membranes Non-noble metal
catalysts designed triple-percolation
electrodes Low temperature fuel cells
Higher temperature membranes degradation
mechanisms tailored nanostructures Solid
Oxide Fuel Cells Theory, modeling, and
simulation new materials novel synthesis
in-situ diagnostics
Source BES Hydrogen Workshop Report
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Planned BES Solicitation for Basic Research
inSupport of the Presidents Hydrogen Fuel
Initiative

• Approximately 21.5 million will be awarded in FY
  2005, pending appropriations.
• Separate solicitations for universities and
  FFRDCs are planned to be issued in May 2004.
  Preapplications are required. Tentative
  timeline
• July 15, 2004 Preapplications due
• September 1, 2004 Decisions on preapplications
  sent to PIs
• January 1, 2005 Full proposals due
• June - July 2005 Awards made
• The solicitation will request preapplications for
  innovative basic research proposals to establish
  the scientific basis that underpins the physical,
  chemical, and biological processes governing the
  interaction of hydrogen with materials.
• Five high-priority research directions will be
  the focus of the solicitations
• Novel Materials for Hydrogen Storage
• Membranes for Separation, Purification, and Ion
  Transport
• Design of Catalysts at the Nanoscale
• Solar Hydrogen Production
• Bio-Inspired Materials and Processes

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BES Participation in Coordination Activities

• DOE
• Hydrogen Posture Plan - EERE, FE, NE, SC
• Assisted in EERE Hydrogen Storage Grand Challenge
  solicitation and proposal review
• Assisted in EERE Hydrogen Production solicitation
  and proposal review
• Will coordinate with EERE, NE, FE on BES hydrogen
  solicitation and proposal review
• OSTP Hydrogen RD Task Force Group
• Participation by DOC, DOD, DOE, DOT, DOS, CIA,
  EPA, NASA, NIST, NSF, USDA
• Developed Taxonomy of Research Directions to
  facilitate interagency coordination
• BES leads the Fundamental Research subgroup to
  develop 10-year interagency coordination plans
• International Hydrogen Activities
• Participated in multi-lateral and bi-lateral
  hydrogen meetings - IPHE, US/European Commission,
  US/Canada, US/India, US/United Kingdom, IEA
  Hydrogen Coordination Group
• Topics of Discussion hydrogen production, carbon
  sequestration, storage, delivery, fuel cells,
  codes and standards, economic/cost modeling

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BES Outreach Activities

• OMB/OSTP Briefing and SC Briefing
• American Physical Society March Meeting (March
  22-26, 2004) Basic Research for the Hydrogen
  Economy Symposium
• American Chemical Society National Meeting (March
  28 April 1, 2004) Hydrogen Symposium
• Materials Research Society Spring Meeting (April
  12-16, 2004) Federal Funding Workshop Hydrogen
  RD Needs and Opportunities
• Council for Chemical Research (April 17-20,
  2004) Hydrogen Forum
• Materials Research Society Fall Meeting (November
  29 - December 3, 2004) Hydrogen Storage
  Symposium
• Physics Today - article by Dresselhaus, Buchanan,
  Crabtree
• IUMRS Facets - article by Dresselhaus, Buchanan,
  Crabtree
• Nova special program on hydrogen - consultants
  are Nate Lewis, Millie Dresselhaus
• Interviews by Jim Lehrer Newshour
• Interviews by Brazil Major TV Talk Show /
  Newspaper
• Interview by National Public Radio

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