BASIC ENERGY SCIENCES Serving the Present, Shaping the Future

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BASIC ENERGY SCIENCES -- Serving the Present,
Shaping the Future
Basic Energy Sciences Research Programs and
Scientific User Facilities
Patricia M. Dehmer Director, Basic Energy
Science Iran L. Thomas Deputy Director, Basic
Energy Sciences and Director, BES Materials
Sciences and Engineering Division OSTP
Briefing 28 October 2002
http//www.science.doe.gov/bes
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DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
NNSA
DP
EM
EE/RE
FE
NN
NE
SC
RW
You are here
Secretary Abraham on DOE and American Leadership
in Science Brookhaven National Laboratory,14
June 2002 The Department of Energy could well
have been called the Department of Science and
Energy given our contribution to American
science. And the reason we are so deeply
involved in science is simple. Our mission here
at DOE is national security. And in my
view, a serious commitment to national security
demands a serious commitment to science,
including basic research. This commitment
strengthens our energy security, international
competitiveness, economic growth, and
intellectual leadership. Moreover, if we ever
hope to leapfrog today's energy challenges we
must look to basic research. I think it's
clear. A nation that embraces basic research
embraces a brighter future.
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Office of Science Programs
Director Raymond Orbach Principal Deputy
Director James Decker Deputy Director for
Operations Milton Johnson
You are here
Office of Advanced Scientific Computing
Res. Associate Director C. Edward Oliver
Office of Basic Energy Sciences Associate
Director Patricia Dehmer
Office of Biological and Environmental
Res Associate Director Aristides Patrinos
Office of Fusion Energy Sciences Associate
Director N. Anne Davies
Office of High Energy and Nuclear
Physics Associate Director S. Peter Rosen
to foster and support fundamental research to
expand the scientific foundations for new and
improved, environmentally conscientious energy
technologies to plan, construct, and operate
major scientific user facilities for the Nation
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The Basic Energy Sciences Program
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• is one of the Nation's largest sponsors of
  basic research.
• supports research in more than 150 academic
  institutions and 13 DOE laboratories.
• supports world-class scientific user
  facilities.
• is uniquely responsible in the Federal
  government for supporting research in materials
  sciences, chemistry, geosciences, and aspects of
  biosciences related to energy resources,
  production, conversion, efficiency, and use all
  in an environmentally conscientious manner.

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Past Accomplishments
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Nobel Prize Research During the 1980s and 1990s
1983 Chemistry Henry Taube, Stanford University,
for "his work on the mechanisms of electron
transfer reactions, especially in metal
complexes 1986 Chemistry Yuan Tseh Lee, UC
Berkeley, for "dynamics of chemical elementary
processes 1987 Chemistry Donald J. Cram, UC Los
Angeles, for "development of molecules with
structurally specific interaction of high
specificity" 1994 Physics Clifford G. Shull
(MIT) for pioneering contributions to the
development of neutron scattering techniques for
studies of condensed matter 1995
Chemistry Frank Sherwood Rowland (UC, Irvine) for
work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly
concerning the formation and decomposition of
ozone 1996 Chemistry Richard E. Smalley and
Robert Curl (Rice U) for collaborative discovery
that carbon could occur in a uniquely beautiful
and satisfying structure that engendered an
entirely new branch of chemistry 1997
Chemistry Paul D. Boyer (UC, Los Angeles) for
elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism
underlying the synthesis of adenosine
triphosophate (ATP)
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Research for National and Energy Security
BES Core Research Areas
Renewable Energy Resources (RE)
Nuclear Energy (NE)
Fossil Energy (FE)
DOE Budget Categories
Energy Conservation (EE)
Fusion Energy Sciences (SC)
Environmental Management (EM)
Nuclear Waste Disposal (RW)
Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation (NN)
Defense Programs (DP)
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Strong, Tough, and Creep-Resistant Ceramics
Grain boundary films as thin as 1 nm affect
mechanical properties of ceramics. Improved
ceramics have high strength, doubled fracture
resistance, and are resistant to high-temperature
deformation.
1nm
crystalline grain boundary film
Synthesis of ABC-SiC. 3 aluminum, boron, carbon
crystallizes the grain boundary films.
Ceramic turbine
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Metallic Glasses
Some of the first bulk metallic glass material
New alloys that form metallic glasses do not have
crystalline structure, but rather the atoms are
randomly positioned like in a liquid. This
structure leads to improved toughness and large
plastic strain to failure because of the lack of
grain boundaries which in crystalline materials
are points of weakness.
TEM showing amorphous structure and Cu-rich and
Cu-poor regions
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Nuclear-Friendly Materials
Changing the constituent A and B elements in
A2B2O7 compounds profoundly affects radiation
performance. Dramatic improvements in radiation
tolerance were found as the metallic elements A
and B become more similar in size.
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Rechargeable Thin-Film Lithium Batteries

• Revolutionary solid electrolyte (lithium
  phosphorus oxynitride) is used in rechargeable
  batteries that are 1/2 the thickness of plastic
  wrap.
• These batteries are used in medical and consumer
  devices, smart credit cards, miniature hazardous
  materials monitors, and memory backup power
  reservoirs.

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Photosynthetic Reaction Center
The fundamental process by which plants and
bacteria convert and store solar energy as
chemical free energy occurs in the photosynthetic
reaction center. This process is studied as the
prototype for simpler systems.
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From Photosynthesis to Metabolic Products
Plants use photoreceptors to sense the quality
and quantity of light in the surrounding
environment this information is conveyed by
molecular-level signaling mechanisms to allow
plants to adjust their growth and development
accordingly.
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The Combustion Research Facility

• Basic research programs
• Combustion chemistry
• Optical diagnostics
• Reacting fluid flows

• Applied research programs
• Engine combustion and emissions
• Industrial furnaces and boilers
• Manufacturing processes
• Alternative fuels
• Field measurements
• Remote sensing

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Future Science Themes Include

• Realizing the nanoscale revolution
• Tailoring materials one atom at a time for
  desired properties and functions
• Controlling chemical reactivity with designer
  catalysts
• Complex systems
• Understanding collective, cooperative, and
  adaptive phenomena and emergent behavior
• Harnessing the power of advanced computing for
  condensed matter and materials physics,
  chemistry, and biosciences
• Seeing atoms
• Providing national user facilities for probing
  materials at the atomic scale

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The Scale of Things -- Nanometers and More
Things Natural
Things Manmade
Realizing the nanoscale revolution Tailoring
materials one atom at a time
MicroElectroMechanical devices 10 -100 mm wide
Red blood cells
Pollen grain
Zone plate x-ray lensOutermost ring spacing
35 nm
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Atoms of silicon spacing tenths of nm
Office of Basic Energy Sciences Office of
Science, U.S. DOE Version 03-05-02
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Complex systems Understanding collective,
cooperative, and adaptive phenomena and emergent
behavior
High-temperature superconductivity

• Interactions among individual components can lead
  to coherent behavior that can be described only
  at higher levels than those of the individual
  units. This can produce remarkably complex and
  yet organized behavior.
• Electrons interacting with each other and the
  host lattice in solids give rise to magnetism and
  superconductivity.
• Chemical constituents interacting in solution
  give rise to complex pattern formation and
  growth.
• Living systems self assemble their own
  components, self repair them as necessary, and
  reproduce they sense and respond to even subtle
  changes in their environments.
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Magnetism in materials
Collective effects and emergent behavior in
inorganic systems
Oscillatory chemical reactions
Patterning in living systems using templates,
scaffolds, catalysts, oscillatory chemical
reactions, and more and emergent functionality
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Harnessing the Power of Advanced Computing
for Condensed Matter and Materials Physics,
Chemistry, and Biosciences
Office of Basic Energy Sciences
Combustion turbulence modeling
Vortices in a superfluid
Semiconductor-liquid interface
C-H bond activation reaction
Cs ion transport
Atomic hydrogen ionization
Waveguide optics
Crystal structure for C36 solid
Two spheres mixing in a stream
Gold nanowire
Magnetic moments in materials
Binary alloy solidification
Clay-mineral geochemistry
Complex fluids
Nanoparticles binding in solution
Na counterion mobility in DNA
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Solvation in supercritical water
Turbulent flame
Dissociation of ketene
Electric field in a 2D photonic crystal waveguide
Uranyl in aqueous solution
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Seeing Atoms Overview of BES Facilities
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Seeing Atoms The BES Scientific User
Facilities The use of x-rays, neutrons, and
electrons for materials research

• Our understanding of properties of materials is
  based on knowledge of the structure and dynamical
  properties of the constituent atoms of the
  materials.
• Atoms are too small to be imaged directly, so we
  employ diffraction and scattering techniques to
  indirectly image the atoms. Because atoms are
  spaced 0.2 nm apart, we employ radiation of a
  similar wavelength. The most widely used probes
  are beams of x-rays, neutrons, and electrons.

• X-ray and electron beams are very intense and
  readily available. Neutrons beams are much
  weaker however, neutrons have very important
  properties that make them the ideal probe in many
  situations.
• The choice of which probe to use depends on the
  system under study and the information required.
  
• Today, the BES facilities for x-ray, neutron, and
  electron-beam scattering serve thousands of
  scientists annually who perform research in
  materials sciences, physics, chemistry,
  geosciences, biosciences, and more. These
  facilities represent the largest such collection
  operated by a single organization in the world.

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The Scattering of X-rays, Neutrons, Electrons
by Materials
Scattering Interactions
X-rays and electrons interact with the electrons
in the material. With x-rays the interaction is
electromagnetic with electrons, it is
electrostatic. Both interactions are strong,
and, therefore, neither probe penetrates the
material very deeply. Neutrons interact with the
atomic nuclei in the material via the very
short-range, strong nuclear force. Neutrons
penetrate the material much more deeply than
either x-rays or electrons. If there are
unpaired electrons in the material, neutrons may
also interact by a second mechanism a
dipole-dipole interaction between the magnetic
moment of the neutron and the magnetic moment of
the unpaired electron.
Schematic of a solid showing atomic nuclei (large
central dots) and electrons (small dots
encircling the nuclei). Beams of neutrons (red),
x-rays (blue), and electrons (green) are seen to
interact with the solid by different mechanisms.

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The Penetration Depths of X-rays, Neutrons,
Electrons in Materials
Neutrons penetrate deeply into materials, even
metals such as lead that are virtually
impenetrable by x-rays and electrons. These
pictures show neutron radiographs of a bird of
paradise flower behind an aluminum sheet and a
rose inside a lead container.
Thermal neutrons 8 keV electrons Low energy
electrons
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BES Scientific User Facilities for Materials
Sciences

• Light sources
• Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory
  SPEAR3 upgrade (SLAC)
• National Synchrotron Light Source (BNL)
• Advanced Light Source (LBNL)
• Advanced Photon Source (ANL)
• Linac Coherent Light Source (SLAC)
• Neutron sources
• Intense Pulsed Neutron Source (ANL)
• Manuel Lujan, Jr. Neutron Scattering Center
  (LANL)
• High Flux Isotope Reactor (ORNL)
• Spallation Neutron Source (ORNL)
• Electron beam sources
• Center for Microanalysis of Materials (Illinois)
• Electron Microscopy Center for Materials Research
  (ANL)
• National Center for Electron Microscopy (LBNL)
• Shared Research Equipment Program (ORNL)
• Nanoscale Science Research Centers
• Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences (ORNL)
• Molecular Foundry (LBNL)

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BES Scientific User Facilities
Advanced Photon Source
Electron Microscopy Center for Materials Research
Materials Preparation Center
Center for Microanalysis of Materials
Center for Nanoscience
Advanced Light Source
Intense Pulsed Neutron Source
Center for Functional Nanomaterials
National Center for Electron Microscopy
National Synchrotron Light Source
Molecular Foundry
Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lab
Spallation Neutron Source
Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences
Linac Coherent Light Source
Combustion Research Facility
Shared Research Equipment Program
Los Alamos Neutron Science Center
High-Flux Isotope Reactor
Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies
James R. MacDonald Lab
Pulse Radiolysis Facility

• 4 Synchrotron Radiation Light Sources
• Linac Coherent Light Source (PED)
• 4 High-Flux Neutron Sources (SNS under
  construction)
• 4 Electron Beam Microcharacterization Centers
• 5 Nanoscale Science Research Centers (PED and
  construction)
• 4 Special Purpose Centers

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BES Facilities for X-ray and Neutron Scattering
Advanced Photon Source
Intense Pulsed Neutron Source
Advanced Light Source
National Synchrotron Light Source
Spallation Neutron Source
Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory
High-Flux Isotope Reactor
Manuel Lujan Jr. Neutron Scattering Center
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Reviews of BES Facilities
Facilities are reviewed using (1) external,
independent review committees operating according
to the procedures established for peer review of
BES laboratory programs and facilities
(http//www.science.doe.gov/bes/labreview.html)
or (2) specially empanelled subcommittees of
BESAC. BESAC subcommittees have reviewed the
synchrotron radiation light sources, the neutron
scattering facilities, and the electron-beam
microcharacterization facilities. The reports of
these reviews are available on the BES website
(http//www.science.doe.gov/bes/BESAC/reports.html
). Regardless of whether a review is by an
independent committee charged by BES or by a
BESAC subcommittee, the review has standard
elements. Important aspects of the reviews
include assessments of the quality of research
performed at the facility the reliability and
availability of the facility user access
policies and procedures user satisfaction
facility staffing levels RD activities to
advance the facility management of the facility
and long-range goals of the facility. These
reviews have identified best practices and
substantive issues. For example, the reviews
highlighted the change that occurred as the light
sources transitioned from a mode in which they
served primarily expert users to one in which
they served very large numbers of inexperienced
users in a wide variety of disciplines.
Facilities that are in design or construction
are reviewed according to procedures set down in
DOE Order 413.3 Program and Project Management
for Capital Assets and in the Office of Science
Independent Review Handbook (http//www.science.do
e.gov/SC-80/sc-81/docs.htmlDOE). These Office
of Science construction project reviews, enlist
experts in the technical scope of the facility
under construction and its costing, scheduling,
and construction management.
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Synchrotron Radiation Light Sources
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Synchrotron Radiation Production
6. KLYSTRONS generate high power radiowaves to
sustain electron acceleration, replenishing
energy lost by the electron when synchrotron
radiation is emitted.
5. BEAMLINES all around the STORAGE RING
transport the x-ray radiation into experimental
HUTCHES where instrumentation is available for
experiments.
1. A GUN produces electrons, which are
accelerated in a LINAC.
3. Electrons travel in a (mostly) circular orbit
in the STORAGE RING synchrotron radiation is
produced at the places where the electrons are
bent by BENDING MAGNETS or INSERTION DEVICES.
2. A BOOSTER RING further accelerates the
electrons which are then fed into the TRANSPORT
LINE on their way to the STORAGE RING.
4. Special INSERTION DEVICES, which are placed
in straight sections of the STORAGE RING, are
used to generate very intense beams of x-rays.
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Synchrotron Radiation Properties
High flux and brightness
Broad spectral range Polarized (linear,
elliptical, circular) Small source size Partial
coherence High stability
Pulsed time structure
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Evolution of Machines for Synchrotron Radiation
XFELs Another gt10 billion increase in peak
brilliance
3rd generation synchrotron sources
1 trillion A rate of increase greater than that
of computer storage density
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The Evolution of Machines for Synchrotron
Radiation
First Generation Storage rings originally
designed and used for high energy physics
research Many of these machines were initially
used parasitically as synchrotron radiation
sources during high-energy physics runs. In some
cases synchrotron radiation research became
partly dedicated and eventually the machines
became fully dedicated as a radiation sources as
the high-energy physics programs were terminated.
As fully dedicated sources modifications could be
made that brought the performance up to second
generation level. Second Generation Storage
rings designed from the start as fully dedicated
radiation sources The first round of these
machines was designed in the late 1970s before
there was any experience with wiggler and
undulator insertion devices as sources, so they
were primarily designed to exploit the bending
magnets, with a few straight sections for
possible future implementation with wigglers and
undulators. Third Generation Storage rings
optimized for insertion devices These machines
were specifically designed for undulators, which
require low emittance electron beams, and are
generally characterized by low emittance beams
and by a design that includes many straight
sections for insertion devices. Fourth
Generation Sources (likely linac-based) of
extremely bright/short pulse radiation Advances
in the creation, compression, transport and
monitoring of bright electron beams make it
possible to base the next (fourth) generation
light sources on linear accelerators rather than
on storage rings. These sources would produce
coherent radiation orders of perhaps 10 orders of
magnitude greater peak power and peak brightness
than the present third-generation sources. The
main directions are Free-Electron Lasers (FELs)
and Energy Recovery Linacs (ERLs). There is a
blurring among these categories since a first
generation ring can also have many straight
sections for insertion devices. Also, there has
been a gradual lowering of the emittance of
several first and second-generation rings so that
they are closer in performance to that of the
third-generation rings.
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Experimental Techniques
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These Techniques Enable
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Undulators are the basis of both conventional and
FEL machines
Linac-driven Light Sources - Toward the 4th
Generation
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Linac-driven Light Sources - Toward the 4th
Generation

• Peak brightness exceeds existing x-ray sources
  by gt 109
• Time resolution exceeds 3rd gen. synchrotron
  sources by a factor 103
• Coherence degeneracy parameter exceeds present
  sources gt 109

50 ps
? 230 fs
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X-ray Sources Summary

• 2nd and 3rd generation Synchrotron Radiation (SR)
  light sources are todays workhorses. About 150
  beamlines are operational with the capability of
  adding about 50 more at the new sources (ALS,
  APS). The number of users could reach 10,000.
• The long pulse length hundreds of picoseconds
  of 2nd and 3rd generation sources limits their
  usefulness for the study of fast processes.
  Sources that are much more intense and have
  shorter pulse lengths hold the promise for
  remarkable new discoveries.
• Energy Recovery Linacs (ERLs) are more intense
  than SR light sources, have high repetition
  rates, and can serve many beam lines. ERLs can
  be optimized for short pulses or high brightness
  - but it is very challenging to do both.
• X-ray Free Electron Lasers (XFELs) can achieve
  extreme peak brightness and ultrashort pulse
  lengths.

(ALS, APS, upgraded SSRL)
NSLS
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User Access Modes (FOOBs, CATs, PRTs)

• From the earliest days of synchrotron user
  facilities, means were developed to encourage and
  enable partnerships between the facilities and
  users from academia, industry, and federal
  laboratories.
• Two models of construction and operation of beam
  lines emerged
• Facility Owned and Operated Beamlines (FOOBs) are
  built and operated by the facility. A majority
  of the time (80-90) is allocated to the general
  users on the basis of peer review.
• Participating Research Team (PRT) or
  Collaborative Access Team (CAT) beamlines are
  built and operated by consortia of users. A
  substantial fraction of time (60-75) is
  dedicated to the consortia, with the balance for
  the general users.
• Each model has pros and cons.
• The four DOE facilities range from operations
  with significant number of PRTs (NSLS) or CATs
  (APS) to primarily FOOBs (SSRL). Facilities with
  large numbers of PRTs and CATs are gradually
  transitioning to increased access for GUs via
  FOOBs.

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Beam Lines - Construction and Operation Costs

• Cost of beam line construction depends on type of
  beam line and instrumentation
• bending magnet beam lines on the order 3-4M
• wiggler or undulator beam lines (including ID) on
  the order of 6-10M
• specialized undulator lines on the order of
  10-12M
• Operations costs vary greatly depending on focus
  and goals
• typical high throughput structural biology beam
  lines needs about 5-6 FTEs to operate effectively
  full time
• beam lines with lower user turnover can be
  operated with fewer staff (2-3 persons) if there
  is shared support for areas like electronics and
  software

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The BES Synchrotron Radiation Light SourcesFrom
the Province of Specialists in the 1980s to a
Widely Used Tool in the 21st Century
The number of researchers using the synchrotron
radiation light sources is expected to reach
gt10,000 annually when beamlines are fully
instrumented.
Who funds the light sources? The Basic Energy
Sciences program provides the complete support
for the operations of these facilities.
Furthermore, BES continues as the dominant
supporter of research in the physical sciences,
providing as much as 85 of all federal funds for
beamlines, instruments, and PI support. Many
other agencies, industries, and private sponsors
provide support for instrumentation and research
in specialized areas such as protein
crystallography.
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BES Light Sources User Institutions
One half of the light source users come from
academia.
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BES Light Sources User States
There is a large regional character to the user
demographics.
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BES Light Sources Summary Stats for FY 2001
The facilities operate very reliably and close to
the maximum number of hours.
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Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory Stanford
Linear Accelerator Center

• SPEAR Storage Ring 3.2 GeV 100 mA 234 meter
  circumference
• 7 insertion devices 11 beam ports 31
  experimental stations
• Commissioned 1974
• The 4-year, 58M SPEAR 3 upgrade project will
  provide capabilities comparable to 3rd generation
  sources high brightness photon beams and high
  currents with improved beam stability. The
  upgrade will be completed by the end of calendar
  year 2003.
• BES and NIH are jointly and equally funding the
  SPEAR 3 upgrade.

2- 2
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National Synchrotron Light Source Brookhaven
National Laboratory

• VUV Storage Ring 800 MeV 950 mA 51 meter
  circumference 30 developed beamlines 2
  insertion devices
• X-ray Storage Ring 2.8 GeV 275 mA 170 meter
  circumference 60 developed beamlines 5
  insertion devices
• Commissioned 1982
• NSLS is a leader in accelerator lattice design
  insertion devices x-ray imaging techniques
  soft x-ray lithography and scientific studies in
  a wide variety of disciplines.
• The NSLS is addressing the need for better
  detectors and the replacement of aging control
  systems. In addition, the facility is in the
  process of taking over operation of many PRTs.

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Advanced Light Source Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory

• Storage Ring 1.0-1.9 GeV 400 mA 196.8 meter
  circumference
• 27 beam ports 37 beamlines with 50 experimental
  stations 8 insertion devices (10 possible)
• Commissioned 1993
• The ALS is a leader in a wide range of electronic
  structural studies x-ray lithography chemical
  physics electron spectroscopy, microscopy, and
  holography. Superbend magnets have enabled
  higher x-ray energies and very productive protein
  crystallography endstations.

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Advanced Photon Source Argonne National Laboratory

• Storage Ring 7 GeV 100 mA 1,104 meter
  circumference35 sectors, each providing one
  insertion device port and one bending magnet
  port approximately 35 beamlines (68-beamline
  capacity) 23 insertion devices in place (35
  possible)
• Commissioned 1996
• One of the APS goals has been to run the storage
  ring in the constant current or top-up mode.
  Top-up mode consists of injecting a small amount
  of charge into the storage ring at regular
  intervals in order to maintain a constant
  current. The major benefit of top-up operation is
  the virtual elimination of the beam lifetime (the
  decay of beam current over time). It is the
  first facility in the world to successfully
  implement top-up mode.

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Linac Coherent Light Source
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The Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS)
The LCLS is a proposed x-ray free electron laser
(FEL) for FEL physics in the hard x-ray regime
and for studies of structure and function of
chemical, physical, and biological systems. The
main components of the LCLS are a photocathode
RF-gun to create the electron beam, the last 1 km
of the SLAC linac, two bunch compressors, a 100-m
long undulator, x-ray optics, and experimental
stations. Justification of Mission Need (CD0)
was signed June 13, 2001 Preliminary Baseline
Range (CD1) approved September 2002

• Time averaged brightness2-4 orders of magnitude
  greater than 3rd generation sources
• Peak brightness 10 orders of magnitude greater
  than 3rd generation sources
• 230 fs pulses initially shorter to be developed
• Transversely coherent radiation

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Performance Characteristics of the LCLS
DESY XFEL
Peak and time averaged brightness of the LCLS and
other facilities operating or under construction
LCLS
TESLA
TTF FEL
LCLS Spontaneous
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Historical Development

• February 1992 -- A 4 to 0.1 nm FEL Based on the
  SLAC Linac presented by Claudio Pellegrini at
  SLAC Workshop on Fourth Generation Light Sources
• February 1992 -- LCLS Technical Design Group
  formed by H. Winick
• August 1996 -- The LCLS Design Study Group, under
  the leadership of Max Cornacchia, begins work on
  the first LCLS Design Report
• November 1997 -- The BESAC Birgeneau Panel
  reviewing the BES light sources recommends a
  follow on study devoted to x-ray FELs
• April 1998 -- LCLS Design Study Report completed
• December 1998 -- The first edition of the LCLS
  Design Study Report is published
• February 1999 -- The BESAC Leone Panel recommends
  that DOE fund a multi-laboratory RD effort to
  realize the LCLS
• June 1999 -- SLAC/LCLS receives 1.5M from DOE
  BES for LCLS research, starting a 4-year RD
  program
• 1999-2000 -- BESAC considers LCLS and recommends
  pursuing CD0 pending review by external peers
• April 2001 -- John Galayda appointed Project
  Director for LCLS

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Linac Coherent Light Source
Sand Hill Rd
http//www-ssrl.slac.stanford.edu/lcls/
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Timeline The Linac Coherent Light Source
Goal Construct the Linac Coherent Light Source
the worlds first x-ray free electron laser for
research in materials sciences and related
disciplines on time, within budget, meeting all
technical specifications, and with an exemplary
safety record.
Note that the LCLS baselines have not yet been
established funding for FY 2005 and beyond is
estimated.
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Neutron Scattering Sources
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Neutron Beam Production

• Neutrons are one of the fundamental building
  blocks of matter that can be released through
• The fission process by splitting atoms in a
  nuclear reactor
• The spallation process by bombarding heavy metal
  atoms with energetic protons
• Moderated neutrons which have been slowed
  down to energies that will be useful in
  scattering experiments are transmitted through
  beam guides to specially designed instruments
  where they are used in a wide variety of research
  and development projects.

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Evolution of Machines for Neutron Beams
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The BES Neutron Sources
Number of Users
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Intense Pulsed Neutron Source Argonne National
Laboratory

• Short pulse spallation source
• Commissioned 1981
• 450 MeV 15 mA 7 kW 0.1 ?sec pulse length 30
  Hz 238U target
• 5x1014 N/(cm2sec) peak thermal flux at 7 kW
• 12 beamlines 13 instruments
• The first generation of virtually every pulsed
  source neutron scattering instrument was
  developed at IPNS. In addition, the source
  technology has been pushed further at IPNS than
  at any other source world wide and includes
  uranium and enriched uranium targets, liquid
  hydrogen and methane moderators, solid methane
  moderators, and decoupled reflectors. IPNS staff
  now lead the instrumentation development for the
  SNS and are collaborating on the design of the
  target and moderators for the SNS.

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Manual Lujan Jr. Neutron Scattering Center Los
Alamos Neutron Science Center, Los Alamos
National Laboratory

• Short pulse spallation source
• Commissioned 1985
• 800 MeV 80 mA 60 kW 0.25 ?sec pulse length 20
  Hz W target
• 8x1015 N/(cm2sec) peak thermal flux at 56 kW on
  the WNR target
• 16 beamlines about 12 instruments
• The Lujan Center provides state-of-the-art
  spectrometers for neutron scattering and nuclear
  physics. Since its dedication in 1986, the Lujan
  Center has fostered research in such areas as
  advanced composite materials, polymers,
  new-generation catalysts, magnetic materials, and
  biomolecular structure.

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High-Flux Isotope Reactor Oak Ridge National
Laboratory

• Be-reflected, light-water-cooled and moderated
  flux-trap reactor using HEU fuel
• Commissioned 1966
• Design power 100 MW
• 2.3x1015 N/(cm2sec) (central flux trap) at 85
  MW1.2x1015 N/(cm2sec) (thermal flux at beam
  tubes) at 85 MW
• 4 beam tubes for neutron scattering 14
  instruments 70 target positions for isotope
  production, materials irradiation, and neutron
  activiation analysis.
• HFIR has the worlds highest steady-state thermal
  neutron flux and is used for isotope production,
  materials irradiation, neutron activation
  analysis, and neutron scattering.
  Californium-252 and other transuranium isotopes
  for research, industrial, and medical
  applications are produced in the flux trap in the
  center of the fuel element irradiation
  facilities are also provided in the Be reflector.
• A number of improvements are ongoing in
  conjunction with the replacement of the Be
  reflector, including installation of larger beam
  tubes and shutters development of a
  high-performance hydrogen cold source comparable
  to the worlds best fabrication and installation
  of new beamlines development of neutron
  scattering instrumentation and extension of the
  cold guide hall.

59
60
HFIR Guide Hall Extension
Extension of the cold guide hall at HFIR is
scheduled for completion in early 2003. Placing
the SANS instruments in the extension will result
in lower background signal.
61
Spallation Neutron Source
62
The Spallation Neutron Source
62
63
March 2002
01685-2002
63
64
August 2002
64
65
August 2002
65
66
Spallation Neutron Source Project Status, 9/30/02

• On schedule and within budget
• 51 complete overall (including 94 of RD, 84
  of design, 37 of technical hardware, and 43 of
  conventional construction)
• Almost 90 of planned procurements have been
  awarded
• Intensive conventional construction activity on
  site and hardware fabrication by industry under
  contracts to the 6 Labs
• Target studies are completed reached decision to
  retain liquid mercury target design as baseline
• Project staffed at plan ( 680 FTEs plus 480
  construction workers on site) staffing peaked in
  FY 2002
• Outstanding safety performance while completing
  gt1.3 million construction hours
• Project on track to meet Level 0 (Secretarial)
  baseline goals
• Total Project Cost of 1,411.7 million
• Project completion date of June 2006
• gt 1 MW proton beam power on target

Target Building, August 2002
67
SNS Instrument Layout
1B - Disordered Matls Diffractometer IDT
Funding BES Commission 2010
2 - Backscattering Spectrometer SNS Project
Funded Commission 2006
18 - Wide Angle Chopper Spectrometer IDT BES
Funded Commission 2007
PROTONS
17 - High Resolution Chopper Spectrometer IDT
Funding BES Commission 2008
3 - High Pressure Diffractometer IDT Funding
BES Commission 2007
4A - Magnetism Reflectometer SNS Project Funded
Commission 2006
13 - Fundamental Physics Beamline IDT Funding
TBD Commission TBD
4B - Liquids Reflectometer SNS Project Funded
Commission 2006
12 - Single Crystal Diffractometer IDT Funding
BES Commission 2009
5 - Cold Neutron Chopper Spectrometer IDT BES
Funded Commission 2007
6 - SANS SNS Project Funded Commission 2007
11A - Powder Diffractometer SNS Project Funded
Commission 2007
9 - Engineering Diffractometer IDT CFI Funded
Commission 2008
68
Spallation Neutron Source Instruments

• Five additional instruments are funded in FY
  2003

Funded by Canada
Funded by BES beginning in FY 2003. Instruments
will be commissioned one per year in FY
2007-10
German interest
69
Spallation Neutron Source User Access Policy

• All research will be peer reviewed.
• Time available to General Users (GU) will be
  maximized.
• Users participate in instrument specification,
  design, and fabrication through
• Instrument Advisory Teams (IATs) that work with
  SNS to provide input into the design and
  scientific program of each SNS project funded
  instrument. 
• Instrument Development Teams (IDTs) that work
  with SNS to obtain instruments that are funded
  outside of the SNS construction project. IDTs
  advise SNS on the conceptual design and
  construction of an instrument and are responsible
  for ensuring that the scientific requirements of
  the GU community are met.
• Both IAT and IDT instruments will have the
  majority of their beam-time (gt80) allocated for
  the General User community through peer review of
  scientific proposals.
• DOE/BES will provide funds to operate the neutron
  source, most of the instruments regardless of how
  they are capitalized, and user support
  facilities.

70
SNS Funding Plan
350
291.4
300
278.0
250
225.0
200
B/A (Dollars in millions)
143.0
150
130.0
117.9
112.9
100
74.9
38.6
50
0
Prior
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Fiscal Year
Actual
Planned
Request
Operations
TPC 1,411.7 M
71
Electron Beam Scattering Sources
72
Electron Scattering Facilities

• The four BES Centers have demonstrated the
  highest resolution direct probes of matter
• images at better than 100 pm (1 Å) spatial
  resolution
• atomic displacements measured to 1 pm accuracy
• Exceptional scientific contributions via in-house
  research as well as extensive collaboration with
  and support of over 750 users per year.
• The Centers are test beds for new types of
  electron optical and spectroscopic
  instrumentation, new in-situ methods and
  techniques, and development of new methods.

73
The Transmission Electron Achromatic Microscope
(TEAM)
GOAL Design and develop a new generation of
intermediate-voltage (200-300 kV) electron
microscopes in which the two major lens
deficiencies that limit performance spherical
and chromatic aberration are compensated.

• When optimized for resolution, the correction of
  aberrations should allow recovery of direct
  spatial resolution in the range of 50 pm.
• Alternatively, improvements in the electron
  optics would ease tight constraints on sample
  space surrounding the specimen due to the lenses.
  The resulting larger chamber could accommodate
  improved spectrometers or in-situ modules for
  dynamic imaging of reactions, deposition,
  deformation, and response to electric and
  magnetic fields.
• Custom aberration-corrected instruments are
  planned based on a common, standardized core
  platform. Individual instruments will be
  configured to meet distinct scientific goals
  atomic resolution tomography, single column
  microanalysis, or in-situ manipulation.

Time sequence of high-resolution images taken by
NCEM scientist at the only existing spherical
aberration-corrected microscope (Jülich, Germany)
showing removal of a single atomic column at a
gold surface.

74
Nanoscale Science Research Centers
75
Nanoscale Science Research Centers (NSRCs)

• Research facilities for synthesis, processing,
  and fabrication of nanoscale materials
• Co-located with existing user facilities
  (synchrotron radiation light sources, neutron
  scattering facilities, other specialized
  facilities) to provide characterization and
  analysis capabilities
• Operated as user facilities available to all
  researchers access determined by peer review of
  proposals
• Provide specialized equipment and support staff
  not readily available to the research community
• Conceived with broad input from university and
  industry user communities to define equipment
  scope
• Extensively reviewed by external peers, by the
  Basic Energy Sciences Advisory Committee, and by
  the Office of Science construction project
  management division

76
Nanoscience Center User Workshops
77
Nanoscience Center Focus Areas



Intense Pulsed Neutron Source (IPNS)



Electron Microscopy Center (EMC)



Research in magnetism, ferroelectric
and magnetoresistive oxides, diamond,
photochemistry,
clusters, nanoscale addressability and energy
transduction, and soft matter self
-
assembly



Materials synthesis



Theory and simulation



Materials Theory Institute



Instrumentation development


 
78
Timeline The Nanoscale Science Research Centers
Goal Construct and instrument five Nanoscale
Science Research Centers the Nations most
comprehensive facilities for multidisciplinary
research at the nanoscale on time, within
budget, meeting all technical specifications, and
with an exemplary safety record.
Funding for BNL Nanoscience Center is estimated.
Operations funds for all Centers are estimated
pending reviews.