Industrial England:

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Industrial England "Workshop of the World"
That Nation of Shopkeepers! -- Napoleon
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Crystal Palace - 1851
Exhibitions of the new industrial utopia.
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Crystal PalaceBritish Ingenuity on Display
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Why Did Industrialization Begin in England First?
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The Enclosure Movement
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Metals, Woolens, Canals
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Early Canals
Britains Earliest Transportation Infrastructure
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Mine Forge 1840-1880

• More powerful than water is coal.
• More powerful than wood is iron.
• Innovations make steel feasible.
  Puddling 1820 pig iron. Hot
  blast 1829 cheaper, purer steel.
  Bessemer process 1856 strong,
  flexible steel.

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Coalfields Industrial Areas
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Coal Mining in Britain1800-1914
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Young Coal Miners
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Child Labor in the Mines
Child hurriers
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British Pig Iron Production
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Richard ArkwrightPioneer of the Factory System
The Water Frame
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Factory Production

• Concentrates production in one place
  materials, labor.
• Located near sources of power rather than
  labor or markets.
• Requires a lot of capital investment factory,
  machines, etc. more than skilled labor.
• Only 10 of English industry in 1850.

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Textile FactoryWorkers in England
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The Factory System

• Rigid schedule.
• 12-14 hour day.
• Dangerous conditions.
• Mind-numbing monotony.

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Textile FactoryWorkers in England
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Young Bobbin-Doffers
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Comparative Weight of Factory Non-Factory
Children in lbs.
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New Inventions of the Industrial Revolution
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John Kays Flying Shuttle
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The Power Loom
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James Watts Steam Engine
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Steam Tractor
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Steam Ship
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An Early Steam Locomotive
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Later Locomotives
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The Impact of the Railroad
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The "Haves" Bourgeois Life Thrived on the
Luxuries of the Industrial Revolution
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19c Bourgeoisie The Industrial Nouveau Riche
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Criticism of the New Bourgeoisie
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Stereotype of the Factory Owner
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Upstairs / Downstairs
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Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830
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The "Have-Nots" The Poor, The Over-Worked, the
Destitute
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An English Mill Town
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Industrial Staffordshire
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The New Industrial City
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Early-19c Londonby Gustave Dore
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Workers Housing in Newcastle
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Private Charities The Lady Bountifuls
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The New Urban Poor
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Private Charities Soup Kitchens
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Protests / Reformers
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The Luddites 1811-1816
Attacks on the frames power looms.
Ned Ludd a mythical figure supposed to live in
Sherwood Forest
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The Luddite Triangle
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The Luddites
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Peterloo Massacre, 1819British Soldiers Fire on
Br. Workers!
Painted by George Cruickshank
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The Chartists
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The Peoples Charter

• Drafted in 1838 by William Lovett.
• Radical campaign for Parliamentary reform of
  the inequalities created by the Reform Bill of
  1832.

• Votes for all men.
• Equal electoral districts.
• Abolition of the requirement that Members of
  Parliament be property owners.
• Payment for Members of Parliament.
• Annual general elections.
• The secret ballot.

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The Chartists
A female Chartist
A physical forceChartists arming for the fight.
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Anti-Corn Law League, 1845

• Give manufactures more outlets for their
  products.
• Expand employment.
• Lower the price of bread.
• Make British agriculture more efficient and
  productive.
• Expose trade and agriculture to foreign
  competition.
• Promote international peace through trade
  contact.

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New Ways of Thinking
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Thomas Malthus

• Population growth will outpace the food
  supply.
• War, disease, or famine could control
  population.
• The poor should have less children.
• Food supply will then keep up with population.

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David Ricardo

• Iron Law of Wages.
• When wages are high, workers have more
  children.
• More children create a large labor surplus
  that depresses wages.

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Darwinism

• based upon the writings of Charles Darwin, author
  of The Origin of the Species.
• survival of the fittest and natural selection
• adaptation for survival
• aggression is natural
• led to idea of Social Darwinism

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The UtilitariansJeremy Bentham John Stuart
Mill

• The goal of society is the greatest good for
  the greatest number.
• There is a role to play for government ?
  intervention to provide some social safety net.

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The Socialists Utopians Marxists

• People as a society would operate and own the
  means of production, not individuals.
• Their goal was a society that benefited
  everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few.
• Tried to build perfect communities utopias.

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Br. Govt. Response to the Dislocation Created
by Industrialization
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Government Response

• Abolition of slavery in the colonies in 1832
  to raise wages in Britain.
• Sadler Commission to look into working
  conditions Factory Act 1833 child
  labor.
• New Poor Law 1834 indoor relief. Poor
  houses.
• Reform Bill 1832 broadens the vote for the
  cities.

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The Results of Industrialization at the end of
the 19c
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Total British National Income
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Industrialization on the Continent
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Railroads on the Continent
66
European Industrial Production
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Shares in World TradeLeading European Nations