Dr' Donald Kendall

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What is an El Niño?
Dr. Donald Kendall
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• El Niño is a disruption of the ocean atmosphere
  system in the tropical Pacific having important
  consequences for weather around the globe.
• Consequences include increased rainfall across
  the southern tier of the US and in Peru and
  drought in the West Pacific

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• In non-El Niño conditions, the trade winds blow
  towards the west across the tropical Pacific.
• The sea surface temperature is about 8 degrees C
  higher in the west, with cool temperatures off
  South America.
• This cold water is nutrient rich supporting high
  levels of primary productivity.
• Rainfall is found in rising air over the warmest
  water, and the east Pacific is relatively dry.

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• During El Niño, the trade winds relax in the
  central and western Pacific leading to a
  depression of the thermocline in the eastern
  Pacific, and an elevation of the thermocline in
  the west.
• Rainfall follows the warm water eastward, with
  associated flooding in Peru and drought in
  Indonesia and Australia.
• The rise in sea surface temperature results in a
  drastic decline in the primary productivity.

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• El Niño can be seen in measurements of the sea
  surface temperature in Equatorial Pacific Ocean.
• The cold La Niña events sometimes (but not
  always) follow El Niño events.

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