Thinking and Intelligence

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Thinking and Intelligence

• What type of thing would someone intelligent say?
• What type of thing would someone unintelligent
  say?
• Name 5 qualities about someone that would
  indicate intelligence.

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Reasoning and Rationality

• 1-Formal Reasoning
• 2-Informal Reasoning
• 3-Reflective Judgment

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Formal Reasoning

• It is the kind of thinking you find in an
  intelligence test.
• The information needed for reaching a solution is
  specified clearly.
• There is a single right or best answer.

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Formal Reasoning1-Algorithm

• A set of procedures guaranteed to produce a
  solution even if you dont really know how it
  works.
• Example
• To solve a problem in long division you just
  apply a series of operations that you have
  learned.

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Formal Reasoning2-Logic

• Deductive Reasoning
• Drawing conclusions from a set of observations or
  premises.
• If the premises are true, the conclusion must
  also be true.

• Inductive Reasoning
• Draw conclusions but could be conceivably wrong.
• You draw specific conclusions from general
  premises.

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Formal Reasoning2-Logic

• Deductive Reasoning
• Example
• All human beings are mortal. I am a human being.
• If the premises are true
• Then, I am mortal.

• Inductive Reasoning
• Example
• Most people with season tickets must love music.
  John has season tickets.
• Then, John probably loves music.

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Deductive Thinking
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Inductive Thinking
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Informal Reasoning

• In formal reasoning problems, there may be no
  clearly correct solutions.
• Disagreement may exist about basic premises.
• Information may be incomplete.
• Many view points may compete.

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Informal Reasoning1-Heuristics

• Rules of thumb that suggest a course of action
  without guaranteeing an optimal solution.
• Examples
• A doctor who wants to determine the best kind of
  treatment.
• A A factory owner who wants to boost production.

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Informal Reasoning2-Dialectical Thinking

• Example
• Is what juries are supposed to do in order to
  arrive to a verdict.
• You consider argument for and against the
  defendants guilt.
• You consider point and counter point.

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Reflective JudgmentCritical Thinking

• The ability to question the assumptions, evaluate
  and integrate evidence, relate the evidence to a
  theory or an opinion,
• Consider alternative interpretations,
• And reach conclusions that can be defended as
  reasonable or plausible.

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Reflective JudgmentKaren Kitchener Patricia
King

• 1-Prereflective Reflective Stages
• (the first 2 stages)
• The right answer always exists.
• No distinction between knowledge and belief, or
  belief and evidence.
• Examples
• I was brought up to believe that a certain ethnic
  group is bad.
• If I break a mirror, I will have bad luck.

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Reflective JudgmentKaren Kitchener Patricia
King

• 2-Quasi-Reflective Stages
• (the next 3 stages)
• There is no right and wrong answer.
• Knowledge is subjective.
• Examples
• The unconscious forces may affect personality.
• Environment may influence personality.
• Genetics may influence personality.

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Reflective JudgmentKaren Kitchener Patricia
King

• 3-Reflective Thinking Stages
• (the last 2 stages)
• Although somethings cannot be known with
  certainty, some judgments are more valid than
  others based on evidence.
• Examples
• Based on evidence, I believe that the development
  of diabetes is genetic.

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What Do You Think?

• Common sense is the best distributed commodity in
  the world, for every man is convinced that he is
  well supplied with it.
• (Rene Descartes)

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Barriers to Reasoning

• 1- Availability Heuristic
• Exaggerating the Improbable
• Estimating the likelihood of events based on
  their availability in memory. We assume such
  events are common.
• Example
• If it happened in the past, then it will happen
  now.
• I had an accident on the freeway, then I cant
  drive on the freeway.

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Barriers to Reasoning

• 2- Representatives Heuristics
• A rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of
  things in terms of how well they seem to
  represent, or match particular prototypes.
• Examples
• Believing that someone is famous or important
  because of how well he is dressed.

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Barriers to Reasoning

• 3- Framing and the Tendency to Avoid Loss
• How an issue is framed can significantly
  affect decisions and judgments.
• Examples
• If you take chemotherapy, youll lose your hair.
  (People will respond cautiously)
• If you take the medication for high blood
  pressure, youll be OK. (People will go for it)

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Barriers to Reasoning

• 4- Confirmation Bias
• Paying attention to information that confirms
  ones own belief.
• Examples
• Homosexuality is genetic.
• Smoking is not harmful.
• (Regardless of the research)

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Barriers to Reasoning

• 5- Biases Due to Fixation or Mental Sets
• The inability to see a problem from a fresh
  perspective.
• Examples
• Believing that the medication will not work and
  ignoring the doctors advice to take the
  medication.

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Barriers to Reasoning

• 6- Biases Due to Functional Fixation
• Our tendency to perceive the functions of
  objects as fixed and unchanging.
• Examples
• Ransacking the house for a screw driver when a
  dime would have turned the screw.

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Barriers to Reasoning

• 7- Overconfidence or The Hindsight Bias
• The tendency to overestimate ones ability to
  predict the future.
• Examples
• I knew you were going to have a divorce.

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Barriers to Reasoning

• 8- The Need for Cognitive Consistency
• When there is inconsistency between behavior and
  belief. (Smoking)
• Examples
• Denying the evidence or rationalizing
• Modifying the belief
• Changing the behavior

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Barriers to Reasoning

• 9- Belief Perseverance
• Clinging to ones initial conception after
  the basis on which they were formed has been
  discredited. Confirmation bias contributes to
  belief perseverance.
• Examples
• You continue smoking even though research
  shows it is definitely connected to lung cancer.

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Language Development

• Month
• 4
• 10
• 12
• 24
• 24

• Stage
• Babbles many speech sounds
• Babbling reveals household language
• One-word stage
• Two-word telegraphic speech
• Language develops rapidly into complete sentences

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Language Development

• Behaviorist, B. F. Skinner
• Rationalist, Noam Chomsky
• Cognitive Scientists, Statistical Learning

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Innate Capacity for LanguageNoam Chomsky

• Surface Structure
• Deep Structure
• Language Acquisition Device

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Language Acquisition DeviceInnate Mental Module

• Children in different cultures go through similar
  stages of linguistic development.
• Children combine words in ways adults never do.
• Adults dont consistently correct their
  childrens syntax.
• Even retarded children develop language.
• Infants can derive simple linguistic rules.

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Nature and Nurture
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Language Acquisition
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Thinking and Language

• Does language influence thinking?
• (Linguist Benjamin Lee Whorf)
• Can we think without language?
• (Mental practice)

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Intelligence

• Whats the definition of intelligence?

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Definitions of Intelligence

• The ability to profit from experience
• The ability to acquire knowledge or learn
• The ability to think abstractly
• The ability to act purposefully
• The ability to adapt to changes in the
  environment.

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Definitions of Intelligence

• 1-Psychometric Approach
• IQ tests focuses on how people perform on
  standardized tests which are designed to measure
  skills and knowledge you have already learned.
• 2-Cognitive Approach
• Intelligence comes in different ways and one test
  cant measure it all.

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Definitions of Intelligence

• Psychometric Approach
• Alfred Binet
• Lewis Terman
• William Stern
• David Wechsler
• Charles Spearman
• Goddard

• Cognitive Approach
• Howard Gardner
• Robert Sternberg
• Emotional Intelligence

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Alfred Binet(1857-1911)

• Designed the 1st test that was developed later
  to be what we call now the IQ test.
• He wanted to measure the mental age as opposed to
  the chronological age.
• The scale, properly speaking does not permit the
  measure of intelligence, because intellectual
  qualities cannot be measured as linear surfaces
  are measured.
• Binet and Simon, 1905)

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Lewis Terman(1877-1956)

• Revised the test.
• Called the new test the Stanford-Binet.
• Later German Psychologist William Stern derived
  the famous intelligence quotient or IQ.

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William SternIQ Scores

• IQ score Mental Age (MA)
• divided by Chronological Age (CA)
• multiplied by 100

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David WechslerIQ Tests

• Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
  (WISC-III)
• A test for children that provides separate
  measures of verbal and performance (nonverbal)
  skills as well as a total score.
• A test for adults that provides separate measures
  of verbal and performance skills as well as a
  total score.

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Charles Spearman(1863-1945)

• General Intelligence
• The g Factor
• There is a general factor that underlies the
  specific factors.
• Those who score high on one factor, score higher
  than average on other factors.

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Bell Curve
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Variation in IQ Scores
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Evaluating IQ Tests

• Example 1 Focus on black-white differences
• Example 2 Goddards testing of the immigrants
  on Ellis Island

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Whats Wrong with Goddards Methodology?

• 1- The test was translated from French.
• 2- The translation might not have been accurate.
• 3- The immigrants had just endured an Atlantic
  crossing.
• 4- The test was interpreted according to the
  French norms.

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• standardization reliability
• validity normal curve
• content validity aptitude test
• predictive validity achievement test

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The Cognitive ApproachRobert Sternberg
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Robert Sternberg

• 1- Analytical (academic problem-solving)
  intelligence
• 2- Creative Intelligence
• 3- Practical Intelligence
• a. change situation (shaping)
• b. work on your emotions (adaptation)
• c. remove yourself from situation (selection)

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The Theory of Multiple IntelligencesHoward
Gardner (1995)

• Language 7
  intelligences
• Logical-mathematical 2
• Spatial relations Naturalistic
• Bodily-kinesthetic Existential
• Musical
• Interpersonal
• Intrapersonal

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Savant Syndrome

• A condition in which a person otherwise limited
  in mental ability has an exceptional specific
  skill, such as in computation or drawing.

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Emotional Intelligence

• 1-Interpersonal Intelligence
• 2-Intrapersonal Intelligence

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Emotional Intelligence
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Components of Creativity

• The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas
• Expertise
• Imaginative Thinking Skills
• A Venturesome Personality
• Intrinsic Motivation
• A creative Environment

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Facts about Heritability

• Heritability gives an estimate of the proportion
  of the total variance in a trait that is
  attributable to genetic variation in a group.
• The maximun value hiritability can have is 1.0.
• To measure heritability, the populations tested
  have to share the same environment.
• Even highly heritable traits can be modified by
  the environment.