Tobacco and Caffeine

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Tobacco and Caffeine

• Chapter 8

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Tobacco

• Known to be the cause of about 25 diseases
• The single most preventable cause of death in the
  U.S.
• Increase in use is due to availability and
  aggressive advertising aimed at young people
• One of top U.S. exports
• Tobacco growing states earn substantial income
• Huge source of Federal, state and local
  government tax income

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Tobacco

• Advertisers spend an estimated 18 million per
  day
• Most ads are directed toward teenagers and young
  adults
• Slim and light brands marketed toward women
• Marlboro Man type ads aimed at men

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Tobacco

• Smoking-related illnesses cost the nation 100
  billion
• 50 billion in medical expenses
• Hospitals, doctors, and nurses
• Prescription drugs
• Home health care, etc.
• 50 billion in indirect costs
• lost work
• fire insurance
• Disability payments
• Training new employees, etc.

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Tobacco

• College students
• Increased use of 32 from 91-99
• Use of all products cigarettes, cigars, chew
• Tobacco using students also
• More likely to use marijuana
• Have multiple sex partners
• Earn lower grades
• Binge drink
• Rate partying above academics
• Spend more time socializing

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Tobaccos Effects

• Nicotine is the major psychoactive substance of
  tobacco
• Released into the mouth or inhaled into the lungs
• An additional 4,000 other chemical substances
  included
• This particulate matter condenses in the lungs as
  carcinogenic tar
• Nicotine and tar accumulate in the lungs to
  irritate cleansing cilia

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Tobaccos Effects

• Most dangerous part of smoke gases is carbon
  monoxide
• Same stuff given off in car exhaust
• Reduces oxygen capacity
• Smoke also irritates mucous membranes to cause
  cancer

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Tobacco Products

• Cigarettes
• Filtered and unfiltered
• Clove
• Contain higher levels of tar, nicotine, and
  carbon monoxide
• Cigars
• Tobacco wrapped in tobacco
• Contains 23 poisons and 43 carcinogens
• Even one a day increases risk of cancers

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Tobacco Products

• Bidis
• Hand-rolled and flavored
• More toxic than cigarettes
• 3 times more carbon monoxide and nicotine
• 5 times more tar
• Smokers of bidis have to pull harder to inhale
  and more often to keep it lit
• Smokeless tobacco
• Chew, snuff
• Nicotine rapidly released into blood stream
• Even more nicotine in chew than cigarettes
• 10 times the amount of carcinogens
• 50 times more likely to develop oral cancers

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Tobacco Products

• Smokeless tobacco continued
• Warning signs of oral cancers
• Lumps
• Color changes inside lips
• White, smooth, or scaly patches
• Red spots or soreness of lips, gums that does not
  heal within two weeks
• Repeated bleeding
• Difficulty swallowing or speaking

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Tobacco Effects

• Withdrawal symptoms
• Headache
• Gastrointestinal discomfort
• Sleeping problems
• Irritability
• Anxiety
• Aggressiveness
• Craving for tobacco
• Reduction in heart rate, blood pressure, and
  hormone secretions

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Tobacco Effects

• Physiological effects
• Nicotine stimulates the central nervous system
• Cerebral cortex aroused
• Production of adrenaline by adrenal glands
• Increased heart and respiratory rate
• Constricted blood vessels
• Increased blood pressure due to narrowed vessels
• Decreased blood sugar levels and hunger pangs
  (reduced appetite)

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Tobacco Effects

• Nicotine poisoning
• Dizziness
• Lightheadedness
• Rapid and erratic pulse
• Clammy skin
• Nausea and vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Tolerance begins almost immediately following
  first use
• Second or third cigarette

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Tobacco Danger

• 30 of all cancer and 85 of lung cancer caused
  by tobacco
• Lung cancer is leading cancer death
• Half of all tobacco-related deaths occur from
  cardiovascular disease
• Ages arteries 10 years
• Decreases HDL levels
• Weakens heart due to low oxygen levels
• Risk diminishes 50 after 1 year

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Tobacco Danger

• Sidestream (Secondhand) smoke has more dangerous
  chemicals than smoke that is inhaled
• Increased risk of lung cancer and heart disease
• Children under 5 are at greatest risk
• Asthma
• Chest colds
• Decreased pulmonary performance
• Miss more school (33)

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Quitting Tobacco

• A very difficult process
• Must break physical addiction to nicotine
• Must break mental/emotional/societal attachment
• 90 fail
• Nicotine replacement includes gum, patch, spray,
  inhaler

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Quitting Tobacco

• Therapy includes aversion, operant conditioning
  and self-control
• Aversion techniques pair use with noxious
  stimulus
• e.g. Rapid smoking creates unpleasant smoke
  buildup
• Operant conditioning pairs use with external
  stimulus
• e.g. Use of a buzzer when smoking
• Self-control therapy aims at identifying
  situations associated with the habit

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Tobacco Questions

• Most people are aware of the long-term hazards
  associated with tobacco use, yet people continue
  to smoke and chew. Why?
• Are there new strategies that might help solve
  this problem?

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Caffeine

• The most popular and widely consumed drug in the
  U.S.
• Derived from chemical stimulants called xanthines
• Mild stimulant to CNS
• Increases heart rate
• Increases oxygen consumption
• Increases urinary output
• Increases wakefulness

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Caffeine

• Side Effects
• Insomnia in some
• Irregular heartbeat
• Dizziness
• Nausea
• Indigestion

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Caffeine

• Caffeine Addiction
• Drink more when coming down
• Caffeinism jitters, muscle twitch
• Withdrawing may produce headaches
• No long-term damage is seen with moderate use in
  non-pregnant women

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Caffeine Questions

• What is your daily pattern of caffeine
  consumption?
• Why do you consume caffeine?
• Have you experienced any ill effects?