16' Nicotine, Caffeine, Ethanol

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16. Nicotine, Caffeine,
Ethanol ?! -the Legal
Drugs chapter 23

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Tobacco Nicotine 'Tar' Carcinogens
Tobacco smoke contains gt4000 compounds
400 are poisons, 40 are
carcinogens (several proven for humans)
Nicotine, although toxic, is the addictive
material the 'tar', carcinogens and particulates
do the 'killing'. LD50(mg/kg) 230 oral, 0.3
i.v.(inhale 2mg/cig)


Tobacco products are the only materials legally
sold that, when used as intended by the producer,
will lead to premature death in gt50 of the
users"
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Nicotine so simple so nasty
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The Nicotine 'Habit'
Partly because of access to decades of
tobacco-company research the mechanism of
nicotine action, and addiction, is now proven.
Nicotine acts on receptors in the mid-brain to
release excess dopamine (stimulant) but receptors
become desensitized and tolerance develops.
Experienced smokers increase their intake (eg.
inhale more deeply, etc.), more to avoid
withdrawal symptoms (restlessness, can't
concentrate, reduced heart rate, depression) than
to get a 'hit'.

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Sir Walter's Deadly Gift
North American stats (below world averages!)
20-25 of population still
smokes(the power of 'social
pressures')
30/yr try 'to quit', 3 of these are successful
(50 continue after major surgery)
500,000/yr die prematurely due to effects of
tobacco smoking

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Tobacco Trivia
20 of smoker's hemoglobin is permanently bound
with CO
A lung-full of
'smoke' contains 1015 OH radicals
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Kicking the habit

• Nicotine patches

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Unless they are abused!
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Nicotine as a treatment

• Duke Univ. study March 2008
• Nicotine patches boosted schizophrenics short
  term memory and mental processing abilities and
  improved attention spans

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Ethanol(alcohol) a History
At least 6000 yrs ago first 'synthetic' chemical
(biotechnology!), 3700 BC Egyptians made wine,
Sumerians made beer.
Distillation 'invented' 1500AD, separate ethanol
(bp78o) and water(bp100o) to concentrate alcohol
. In 1700's British customs agents poured
'whisky' on gunpowder and ignited it if it
burned (gt50 'alcohol) that was proof the whisky
was 'good', ie.100.
Thus the term
proof 2x the ethanol
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Ethanol - Chemistry
Fermentation ofglucose ? CH3CH2OH CO2


the microorganisms are 'inactivated' at 15
ethanol(beer, wine)
anything stronger must be
'fortified'(sherry) or
distilled(spirits). From anything
starch/sugar,eg.
barley(beer),
grains(whiskies), corn(bourbon),
grapes(wine), potatoes(vodka), rice(saki), rum
(sugar cane), raisins(arak/raki),
artichokes(cinar)
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beer(Germany), whisky(Scotland), bourbon(US),
wine (France), vodka(Russia), arak(Hungary),
saki(Japan) Greece?, Jamaica?, Newfoundland?
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Worlds oldest licensed Distillery

• Bushmills (Antrim Coast Northern Ireland)

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Ethanol - Consumption
Per capita in 1999 (in liters/yr of 95 ethanol)
Western Europe 9.01 Eastern Europe 6.82
Latin America 4.03 North America
6.51 Australasia 7.61 Rest of world
2.42
Luxemborg 13.3 Portugal
11.2 France/Ireland 10.8 .
USA 6.5 Canada
6.2
1)dropping 2)rising 3)steady
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Ethanol - Breakdown
CH3CH2OH? CH3CHO ethanol acetaldehyde ?
CH3COOH ?CO2H2O acetic acid
liver processes blood
supply(6L)
every 4 min
liver burns up ethanol (gt 7Cal/g) first
(apparent stimulant) excess
acetaldehyde 'ties up' serotonin in the
brain(depressant, etc.) cirrhosis fat
deposits/lesions on the liver
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Ethanol - that's the Limit!
Body (liver) can 'detoxify' 30mL(1oz.)/hr
drinks1 2 4 6
10 20
BAC2(mg/dL) 0.05 0.10
0.15 0.30
0.50
Effect mild sedation
lack of coordination obvious intoxication
unconscious possible death
1)'1oz' for a 70 kg person 2)Blood Alcohol
Conc'n, Breathalyser oxidizes ethanol to acetic
acid using dichromate(yellow) to
chromate(green) 2008 IR spectroscopy used
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Ethanol - the Ups
LD50 13mL(11g)/kg moderate use
enhances social interactions,

enjoyment of food
statistical correlation of longer (happier?)
life with 1'drink' per day

powerful phytochemical antioxidant
(resveratrol) in red
wine(grape skins?)
almost 60 of NA over
12yr consume alcohol each
month
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Moderate Alcohol Consumption

• Dulls cravings for sweets
• Combined with exercise, produces more
  heart-protective effects than exercise alone
• Red wine increased heart protection

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Ethanol - the Downs
NA data
150,000 (300/day) die
of alcohol-related causes, eg. 50
of highway fatalities
11 million alcoholics(40X the
heroin addicts)
40 of
admissions to mental institutions are
alcohol related
alcoholics 10X
higher suicide rate 12yrs less life
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
(1-2 /1000 births, 700/yr in
Canada(more than Down's Syndrome
Spina Bifida combined
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Effects of Alcohol in cold temps

• Alcohol causes increased blood flow to skin
  hence warming sensation
• But reduced core temperature results thus
  increased danger of hypothermia

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Warm ups

• Tailgaters actually cooling down!

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Ethanol - 'Trivia'
on sex-".. drink provokes the desire, but takes
away the performance", Shakespeare,
Macbeth, Act II NA college students spend 7-10
billion/yr on alcohol (more than on soda,
coffee, milk, juice and books) and get
drunk more often than same age persons who
do not attend college
most Orientals
consume much less alcohol than Caucasians,
partly due to 'flushing syndrome'
(headaches,dizziness)
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Caffeine-the World's 'Innocuous' Stimulant
LD50 130mg/kg(200mg for an adult 'hit')
(but what
about children!?)
Increases Ca in
brain cells, ? blocks adenosine
(nucleic acid, neurotransmitter) receptors
both effects cause increased brain
activity

More than 500-600 mg/day
regularly can cause
irregular pulse, ulcers, insomnia, diuretic,
decreases Ca uptake to bones by 35
Addictive? -
increased tolerance, withdrawal
symptoms
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Not so innocuous if.

• Youre pregnant 2 cups of coffee per day doubles
  miscarriage risk
• Caffeine readily crosses the placental barrier
• Early exposure most dangerous fetus has
  underdeveloped metabolic system

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If R is
H theobromine(tea, diuretic)
CH3 caffeine(stimulant)
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Caffeine Sources
Filter coffee(6oz cup) 150 mg Tea(6oz)
30-90 Chocolate milk
15 dark 45
Colas(1 can) 40-50 No-Doz(1
tablet) 100 Anacin tablet
30 cold 'remedies' 25
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Caffeine - Trivia
For children, 1 cola drink 4 cups coffee for
adult

in NA 1 million kg/yr caffeine is added to food
(mainly 'soft' drinks),
guarana
vine (Amazon) contains enough
caffeine to mimic cocaine as CNS stimulant Can
you guess
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The country which consumes the most coffee per
capita is..
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Pick one

• USA
• Canada
• Turkey
• Colombia
• Ireland
• Finland

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Energy Drink mania on campus
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What is Taurine and why is it there?

• 2-aminoethanesulfonic acid, major constituent of
  bile 1st isolated from ox bile (L. taurus)

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Properties of Taurine

• Alleviates muscle fatigue (in mice) in strenuous
  workouts
• Often used in bodybuilding in combination with
  creatine and anabolic steroids
• Reduces blood pressure (offsets caffeine?)
• Related to cysteine premature infants may need
  it if they lack the enzyme needed to make
  cysteine
• Essential for Cats!!

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Nicotine, Caffeine, Alcohol

• Inter-related re consumption?
• Smokers tend to consume more tea/coffeee and
  alcohol (Feb 2008 study in the Journal
  Nutrition) than non smokers
• Both caffeine and nicotine are appetite
  suppressants

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Marijuana
Cannabis sativa(CS) gt hemp(tough fibers for rope)
Marijuana dried leaves/flowers/seeds of
CS (in '80s 1 THC, in
'00 7 THC)
Hashish compressed resin/juice from
CS Long history of use in 'religious' rituals
and some medicinal use, especially
in India
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In NA as intoxicant (increases pulse rate,
distorts senses, impairs motor function), 2nd to
ethanol
No longer a 'cottage industry' in NA est. at
40 billion/yr, ie. 3rd behind GM (and
Exxon!)
Moves to 2 in 2002 ! Canada 3 supplier
to US(after MexicoColumbia)
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Marijuana - Effects
LD50(THC, mg/kg) 1200 oral, 100 i.v., 42
inhaled High doses - moderate addiction,
intense anxiety Moderate but long term use -
damages lungs, hampers immune system, lowers
'mental' functions ( about same as
alcohol/tobacco)


Benefits -
glaucoma treatment (reduces eye pressure)
heightens enjoyment of food relieves nausea
reduces perception of pain(used to comfort
cancer patients or those with advanced HIV on
chemotherapy or radiation) (?) treatment of
muscle spasms/epilepsy.
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Marijuana the active ingredient
Tetrahydrocannabinol(THC)
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UN report 2007

• Canada tops industrialized world in p/c marijuana
  consumption (4x average)
• use in 15-64 age rangePapua New Guinea
  Micronesia 29 Ghana 21.5, Zambia 17.7
• Canada 5th overall in world 16.8

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Canadian policy

• Liberal govt in early 2000s tried to
  decriminalize possession of small amounts
  (lt30grams) did not pass
• Oct 2007 P.M. Harper announces new National
  Anti-Drug Strategy (not law)
• Proposal 1 year jail for dealers
• 2 years forgt500 plants
• 6 months for 1 plant if trafficking

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Provinces enter the fray

• ON (May 2003) ruling that possession of lt 30
  grams was not a criminal offence
• BC, NS, PEI agreed Alberta and Sask anti.
• July 13th 2007 Ont. Prov. court rules criminal
  possession laws for cannabis are unconstitutional
• Feds trying to enforce unconstitutional law
• Toronto police no change in how we deal with
  possession ..for now (2007)

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Other countries

• Netherlands tolerated but illegal Cannabis can
  be bought in small amounts in coffee shops if
  18
• Spain/Portugal personal consumption and home
  cultivation Ok. Buying/selling is an offence
• NZ. Possession of any amount is illegal fines up
  to 500

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Death penalty if in

• Saudi Arabia, Indonesia, Malaysia, UAE, Thailand,
  Singapore, China

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USA

• State jurisdiction Colorado/Mass up to 1 oz
  possession is decriminalized
• Alaska 2 ozs and cultivation of 25 plants for
  personal use
• 12 states have approved it for medical us 6
  others decriminalization

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Decriminalize'! . Will We?. or Won't We?
Yes! "After all it is no worse than tobacco or
alcohol", but... don't have many
long-term(25 yr.) studies, compared to
tobacco, marijuana smoke has -
5X the CO content

3X the 'tar'(more at end of joint)
For lung 'damage'
1 joint 5 cigarettes
For lung 'impairment' 1 joint 15 cigs
No! "It will only lead to
use of hard drugs" gt gt
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Class poll on marijuana decriminalization

• Yes
• No
• Needs more study

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Other drug use

• Canada 3 in world for p/c cocaine use Spain
  and England 1 2
• For heroin, amphetamines and ecstasy, Canada at
  or below world usage
• UN conclusion world drug situation has
  stabilized and has been brought under
  control.do you agree???

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March 2008

• UN drug control board tells Canada to shut safe
  injection sites
• safe crackpipe programs in Vancouver, Toronto
  and (Ottawa)
• Governments should not allow trade in drug
  equipment
• Other side harm reduction-reduces spread of AIDs
  through dirty needle etc.