Protestant Reformation

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Protestant Reformation

• A Whirlwind Tour

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Roman Catholic Church in 1500s

• Church had become powerful and wealthy which led
  to corruption.
• Pope and Vatican involved in all the political
  affairs of Europe.
• Ordinary people felt the church not meeting their
  needs.
• Beginnings of what many saw as abuses.

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List of Abuses

• Selling of indulgences
• Nepotism
• Immorality among the priesthood
• Excessive veneration of the saints
• Relic worship (whats a relic?)

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The altar of St. Francis Xavier in the Church of
the Gesu in Rome.
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Martin Luther

• German monk and professor at the University of
  Wittenberg.
• Studied the Bible intensely
• Came to the conclusion that only faith was
  required for salvation Catholics emphasized
  faith and good works.
• Believed that Bible was sole authority on
  religion and Christianity.

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Martin Luther, cont.

• Only wanted to reform the church, not start a new
  one.
• In 1517, issued Ninety-Five Theses.
• Thousands copies printed.
• Began move toward break by 1520.

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Martin Luther, cont.

• Luther refuses to renounce his beliefs.
• Luthers reform movement became a religious
  revolution.
• Lutheran church resulted in most of Germany.
• Bible reading, preaching, hymn singing.

• Called on German princes to overthrow Catholic
  Church and set up German church.
• Excommunicated January 1521.
• Summoned to appear before Charles V, Holy Roman
  Emperor.

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John Calvin and Calvinism

• Moved to Geneva, Switzerland in 1536.
• Became a Protestant city ruled by church.
• Developed doctrine known as Calvinism.
• Stressed predestination.
• Doctrine spread into France

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Reformation in England

• Rooted in politics not religion.
• Henry VIII had no male heir, blamed his wives.
• First married to Catharine of Aragon of Spain, a
  Catholic.
• Has daughter, Mary.
• Wanted a divorce, which the Pope would not grant.

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Henry VIII

• Wanted to marry Anne Boleyn.
• Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer agrees to
  annul marriage with Catharine.
• Henry VIII breaks ties with Rome.
• Declares Church of England with king at top.
• Anne bares him no boys, just Elizabeth, a
  Protestant.
• Next wife, Jane Seymour, gives him a sickly son,
  Edward.

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Wives of Henry VIII
Catherine of Aragon
Anne Boleyn
Jane Seymour
Catherine Howard
Anne of Cleves
Catherine Parr
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Counter Reformation, or Catholic Reformation

• Catholics decided there really must be a problem
  since so many are discontent.
• Creation of the Society of Jesus, Jesuits,
  founded by Ignatius of Loyola.
• Reformed papacy. No more dealings with finances
  and Italian military and political affairs.
• Council of Trent.

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Council of Trent

• Held March 1545 by the order of Pope Paul III at
  city of Trent.
• Met in three major sessions from 1545-1563.
• Reaffirmed Catholic beliefs.
• Scripture and tradition held equal authority.
• Only the church could interpret Scripture.
• Faith and good works OK purgatory a real place
  and indulgences OK too, just cant sell them.

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Catholic Reformation basically too little, too
late.
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Consequences of Protestant Reformation

• Catholic Reformation
• Spanish Inquisition
• Wars of Religion in France
• Fighting between Catholics and Protestants in
  England
• Hostilities between Spain and England
• Civil War in England