Women Sociologists

1
Women Sociologists

• Tiffany Kotalik
• Laura Byrd
• Shawn Oetjen

2
Harriet Martineau

• Born in Norwich, England on June 12, 1802
• Known for being Auguste Comte translator
• She was a prolific writer
• The sixth of eight children
• She could not taste or smell and lost most of her
  hearing by the age of twelve
• Receive an ear trumpet at the age of eighteen
• She believed that politics and economics
  influenced society
• Became engaged to a Unitarian minister , who went
  crazy and died shortly after

3
Critiques

• Most of her work was general journalistic
  articles, essays, and commentaries
• This is defended in two ways
• She was writing for income
• She wrote about important issues in a way that
  appeals to the mass population

4
Writings

• Travel to the United States for two years while
  she was here she wrote several works
• Society in America (1836)
• How to Observe Morals and Manners (1838)
• Retrospect of Western Travel (1838)
• Some other works
• -The Hour and the Man (1841)
• -The Playfellow (1841)
• -Life in the Sick Room (1844)
• -Letters on Mesmerism (1845)

5
Contributions

• Martineau condensed and clarified much of Comte
  works
• Wrote about social issues of her own time
• She is sometimes said to be the Mother of
  Sociology
• Martineau thought the methodically subject matter
  should be social life in society
• She also believed that when studying society we
  need to study beliefs and morals
• She believed we need to study cemeteries and
  prisons
• She also believes that researches need stay
  unattached from their subjects in their study

6
Beatrice Potter Webb

• Was born on January 22, 1958 in Cotswolds,
  England
• She learned young how her gender will effect her
  life, she lived in the shadow of my baby
  brothers birth and death
• Her mother was a personal friend of Herbert
  Spencer

7
Sociological Contributions

• Webb thought the purpose of Sociology was to
  study how economic equity could be dealt with
  democratic decision-making process
• Webb thought that poverty was caused by social
  conditions
• She also thought that workers needed to be
  led...she thought that a leader could not come
  from the working class
• She fought for the poor not for women

8
Anna Julia Cooper

• The daughter of Hannah Stanley Haywood, an
  African American Slave.
• She was smart, but had battle racism, sexism, and
  being poor.
• She was admitted to Oberlin College
• She married George A.C. Cooper

9
Sociological Contributions

• Was an active activist against the womens
  movement not fighting for African American women
• She used statistical and historical documentation
  to confirm her theories on issues of race and
  gender
• She was an inspiration to many

10
Ida Wells-Barnett(African American civil rights
crusader, suffragist, womens rights advocate,
journalist, and speaker)

• Born 1862 in Holly Springs, Mississippi.
• Parents were slaves who later gained freedom
  after the Civil War.
• Worked as a cook for her husbands boss.
• Attended Rust College then later expanded her
  education at both Fiske and LeMoyne Institute.
• Started a one-woman campaign against lynching
  in 1883.
• Published works Crusade for Justice, Southern
  Horrors, The Reason Why the Colored American Is
  Not in The Worlds Columbian Exposition.

11
Like Anna Julia Cooper, Ida

• Believed that oppression creates a
  dominate-dominated class structure. Domination
  by the power group is patterned by five factors
• History (sets of events that lead to power
  discrimination)
• Ideology (distortions and exaggerations of
  select events)
• Material resources (possession of resources
  equals power)
• Manners ( routinization of everyday interactions
  between dominants and subordinates)
• Passion (the key to domination rests on emotion,
  a desire to control)

12
Lynching

• Wells-Barnett called upon Blacks and women to
  become politically active, to fight inequality.
  She used lynching as her exemplar of racial
  injustice. Lynching involved the combination of
  racial and gender issues. She launched an
  international campaign against lynching and
  significantly influenced the ideological
  direction of black womens organizations.

13
Charlotte Perkins Gilman

• Born July 3, 1960 in Hartford, Connecticut.
• Self educated.
• Fell in love with her teenage friend Martha
  Luther. They were together for 4 years until
  Martha married a man and moved away.
• Her marriage to Charles Walter Stetson failed
  after two years.
• Suffered a nervous breakdown and was
  institutionalized.
• Refused Stetsons proposals because she was
  unsure about her sexual orientation, and feared
  marriage would put an end to her career goals.
  
• 2nd marriage to younger cousin, Houghton
  Gilman.The marriage lasted for 34 yrs until
  Houghton died.

14
Published Works

• During the 1890s Charlotte published
  numerous articles and edited a weekly magazine,
  the Impress. She published articles in the
  American Journal of Sociology. Listed below are
  her most famous works
• Women and Economics (1989)
• The Home (1903)
• Man-Made World (1911)
• The Forerunner Volume 1 (1909-1910)

15
Contribution to Sociology

• Gilman participated in several important
  intellectual movements, including cultural
  feminism, reform Darwinism, feminist pragmatism,
  Fabian socialism, and Nationalism that shared
  interests in changing the economy and womens
  social status through social reform movements.
  Gilman was influenced by reform social darwinism,
  progressivism, and feminism. She greatly admired
  Thorstein Veblen whose works were a defense of
  women. In The Dress of Women, Gilman discussed
  social class differences and the influence of
  the clothing industry as a powerful economic
  force capable of intimidating and initiating
  social action.

16
Jane Addams

• Born on September 6, 1860 in Cedarville,
  Illinois.
• Graduated as valedictorian at Rockford.
• Inherited her brothers 247 acre farm, stocks
  and bonds, 80 acres in Dakota, Illinois, and 60
  acres of timberland in Stephenson County.
• Suffered her first nervous breakdown in 1883.
• Hull House was born in 1889 which offered
  sanctuary for children.
• Learned and helped the poor by becoming their
  neighbor.

17
Addams Sociological Perspective

• Developed a sociological theory based on the
  idea that people must begin to work collectively
  and cooperatively.
• Her sociological outlook on society implied that
  diverse people must learn to accept and tolerate
  one another.
• Addams involved modified versions of
  progressivism, reform social Darwinism,
  philosophic pragmatism, and social gospel
  Christianity into her general social theory.
• Believed that humans had already progressed to
  the point where they could control evolution and
  therefore owned a duty to help the less
  fortunate.
• An activist who believed in social and moral
  change.

18
Marianne Weber (1870-1954)

• Born in Oerlinghausen, Germany
• Motherless by age 2
• Educated at a Hanover finishing
  school when she was 16
• Spent time with family in Berlin
• decided she liked their lifestyle
• good relationship with Helene Weber
• Married her cousin Max Weber

19
Marianne Weber

• Involved in sociopolitical issues
• Active in the liberal feminist movement
• First member of the Baden parliament
• Public speaker in her marriage when Max spent
  time in mental hospitals
• Visited America in 1904 with then recovered
  husband
• Critical of Americans behavior
• Met with other feminists

20
Marianne Weber

• Contributions to Sociology - Marriage
• 1907 Marriage, Motherhood, and the Law
• Research on the legal position of women in the
  institute of marriage
• Women should be free from patriarchal marital
  relationship
• Believed marriage should be
• Lifelong between a man and a woman
• Husband and wife have mutual obligations

21
Marianne Weber

• Contributions to Sociology - Feminism
• Created her own intellectual salon where
  prominent feminists could speak with other
  intellectuals
• Saw the inequality of the patriarchal society
• Believed change was needed for women to be able
  to reach their full potential as men had
• Women should have the right to financial
  independence
• Wages for housework idea

22
The Ladies of Seneca Falls

• Five founding women were
• Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, Martha
  Wright, Jane Hunt, and Mary Ann McClintock
• Organized first womens rights convention
• Held at Wesleyan Methodist Chapel, Seneca Falls,
  NY on July 19-20, 1848.
• Seneca Falls to become birthplace of feminism
• Over 300 people attended

23
The Ladies of Seneca Falls

• Declaration of Sentiments
• Drafted by Elizabeth Cady Stanton
• Guided convention in Seneca Falls
• Modeled after the Declaration of Independence
• Women victims of tyranny by men
• Demanded equality in law, politics, education,
  occupation, and religion

24
Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1815-1902)

• Born in Johnstown, New York
• Seventh of eleven children
• Prominent, politically active family
• Gained highest academic achievements available to
  women at the time
• Advocated against slavery
• Led womens rights movement

25
Elizabeth Cady Stanton

• Commitment to Feminism
• Married Henry Brewster Stanton
• Word obey omitted from wedding vows
• Rejected label of Mrs. Henry Stanton
• Work in Boston, Seneca Falls, New York City
• Womens rights should include equality in
• Voting, dress, sports, employment, wages,
  property, custody, education, birth control, and
  religion

26
Lucretia Coffin Mott (1793-1880)

• Born into a Quaker family on Nantucket Island
• Because men were at sea many women set up their
  own businesses, including her mother
• Lucretia became a minister in her twenties
• Involved in many social issues
• Disagreement among Quakers about slavery
• Attended boarding school in New York and joined
  the faculty after graduation

27
Lucretia Coffin Mott

• Contributions to Sociology
• Antislavery Advocate
• Home was a station on the Underground Railway
• Organized Philadelphia Female Antislavery Society
• Feminist
• Met Elizabeth Cady Stanton at the World
  Antislavery Convention in London
• Worked together on womens rights in America
• Against intolerance and prejudice in all forms

28
Growth of Womens Rights Movements

• Change takes time
• Womens rights movement sometimes in conflict
  with antislavery movement
• Feminist movement revived in 1960s
• National Organization of Women
• Equal Rights amendment in 1972
• Struggle for equality continues
• Wage gap, glass ceiling, double day