WHAT IS GIS

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WHAT IS GIS
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GIS SOME DEFINITIONS

• GIS may include manual systems, however, it
  usually refers to a computerised database system
  for capture, storage, retrieval, analysis and
  display of spatial data (Huxhold, 1991).
• GIS is capable of assisting the storage,
  retrieval and manipulation of spatially
  referenced data such as street address or a
  census tract (Nedovic-Budic, 1999).
• GIS is most useful when used to perform data
  analysis (Lee and Wong, 2001, viii)

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GIS SOME DEFINITIONS (cont.)

• application
• acts as a problem solving solution
• example water pollution, traffic, land
  management
• toolbox
• emphasize on the generic aspect of GIS in its
  definition
• always used by vendors to maximize their market
  share

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The History

• First developed in North America, particularly
  the U.S. and Canada in the mid-1960s
• Previously been used in natural resources and
  environmental research

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GIS History in Malaysia
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GIS History in Malaysia
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Tutorial question

• Briefly review the history of Geographic
  Information System application in Malaysia.

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GIS OLD AND NEW
Traditional GIS
MANUAL DRAFING TOOLS
MAP
TYPEWRITER
New GIS
COMPUTER
PLOTTER
CD-ROM
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THE NEED FOR GIS

• the real world has a lot of spatial data
• manipulation, analysis and modeling can be
  effective and efficiently carried out with a GIS
• the neighborhood of the intended purchase of
  house
• the route for fire-fighting vehicles to the fire
  area
• location of historical sites to visit
• the earth surface for purposes of army
• the earth surface is a limited resource
• rational decisions on space utilization
• fast and quality information in decision making

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... THE NEED FOR GIS

• complexity of management
• due to the need to combine and process many sets
  of data, in addition to judge as many as
  possible, situation that might happen.
• intense competition
• the need to use technology in making decisions
  and strategy in the world of intense competition.

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A. DATA VISUALISATION
Which one do you prefer tabular data or map data?
TABULAR DATA
MAP
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B. LOCATION
EAST
10 11 12
P
3 4 5
SOUTH
S
Y

• WHERE IS OBJECTP?
• ANSWER P 3Y SOUTH, 12X EAST
• WHAT CAN BE FOUND AT A CERTAIN LOCATION ?
• EXAMPLE What can be found at 5x SOUTH, 11y
  EAST?
• ANSWER Y

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C. ATTRIBUTE QUESTION 1. ATRIBUTE
EXPLANATION EXAMPLE WHAT IS THE ATTRIBUTE FOR
ITEM 2? 2. WHERE A CERTAIN SENARIO MIGHT
HAPPEN? EXAMPLE WHO HAS THE HIGHEST QUALITY OF
MINERALS ?
NO.
AREA (HECTARE)
OWNER
TAX CODE
MINERAL QUALITY
TALATU
1
100,000
B
HIGH
2
50,100
BRAUDO
A
MEDIUM
3
90,900
BRAUDO
B
LOW
4
40,800
ANUNKU
A
LOW
5
120,200
SILIMA
B
HIGH
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.QUESTION RELATIONAL DATABASE
NO.
AREA (HECTARE)
OWNER
TAX CODE
MINERAL QUALITY
1
100,000
TALATU
B
HIGH
2
50,100
BRAUDO
A
MEDIUM
3
90,900
BRAUDO
B
LOW
4
40,800
ANUNKU
A
LOW
5
120,200
SILIMA
B
HIGH
3. SELECTION OF AN AREA (ACCORDING TO
RULES) EXAMPLE WHICH ITEM HAS a) AREA gt40,000
HECTARE b) OWNER NOT SILIMA c) TAX CODE
B d) MINERAL QUALITY HIGH
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QUESTION PATTERN AND RELATIONSHIP
Z
X
Z
Y
Y
X
Y
X
Z
Z
1. IS OBJECT X IN THE PATTERN? YES, IN THE
FORM OF LINE, FROM NORTHWEST TO SOUTHEAST
IN THE FORM OF A LINE 2. IS THERE A
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN X AND Y? YES, Y IS
ALWAYS NEAR X 3. WHAT OTHER SPATIAL PATTERN
EXISTS? OBJECT Z IS ALWAYS NEAR THE BORDERS
AND ITS SIZE INCREASES FROM LEFT TO RIGHT
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TREND QUESTION
A
A
B
B
D
C
C
1980
1990
1. WHAT ARE THE CHANGES FOR A,B AND C FROM 1980
TO 1990? A INCREASE IN SIZE B DECREASE IN
SIZE AND CHANGE IN LOCATION C CHANGES IN
SHAPE 2. WHAT HAS CHANGED SINCE 1980? A AND B
HAVE CHANGED IN SIZE B RELOCATES C CHANGES IN
SHAPE ADDITION OF ITEM D
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GIS AND OTHER INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Information System
Spatial Information Systems
Non-spatial Information Systems
Management Information Systems
Geographic Information Systems
Other Types (CAD/CAM)
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GIS
USES
VARIOUS DATA SOURCES
VARIOUS DATA FORMATS
AND
1
MAPS
IMAGE
DIGITAL PRODUCTS
GPS
TEXT DATA
TABULAR DATA
2
DATABASE
MAPS
REPORTS
3
4
4
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GIS APPLICATION (I)

• environment
• management of natural resources
• land, forest, marine, etc.
• monitoring/control of environmental pollution
• environment impact study
• infrastructure
• transport and irrigation management and
  maintenance
• utility management and maintenance
• electric, water, gas, telephone, etc.

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GIS APPLICATION (II)

• socio-economy
• town and country planning
• monitoring of population migration
• disperse of resources/services
• clinics, schools, etc
• military
• land form visualisation
• visibility analysis

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Residential Real Estate

• A single map lets your customer compare multiple
  properties and their respective proximity to
  desired amenities such as schools, parks, and
  shopping centers.
• Introduce the subject of disclosure by displaying
  FEMA floodplain data and know toxic sites in an
  area.

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Commercial Real Estate

• Evaluate and analyze key factors when siting new
  premise for restaurants, stores, warehouses,
  corporate offices etc.
• Proximity to suitable customers
• Location of potential competitors
• Crime rates
• Transportation infrastructure
• Regional labor pool characteristics
• Environmental risk factors (i.e., flood
  plains, toxic sites, and others)
• Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) can gain a
  competitive edge over traditional investments by
  using GIS to quantifying the investment potential
  of portfolios.
• GIS can show properties in the context of
  potential customers/tenants, nearness to
  competitors, inventories of like property, labor
  pools, and risk factors.

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Multiple Listing Services

• Multiple Listing Services (MLSs) can add features
  and functions to the standard MLS menu of
  services such as an interactive map to show
  qualifying properties in the context of
  neighborhood amenities or perceived nuisances.
  Layers such as toxic sites can be added to
  address the sometimes thorny issue of disclosure.
• A prospective buyer can browse listings, look at
  an appropriate map, and choose an agent without
  ever leaving home. A good Internet site can link
  visitors to agents' e-mails and office Web sites.
• Mapping at the local level. Data such as parcel
  maps, school district boundaries, bus routes,
  local parks, and recreation facilities can be
  used by local MLS providers.
• Internet Map Server (IMS) technology gives us the
  tools to publish maps on the internet.

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Title Companies

• Title companies can use GIS for relatively simple
  customer care mapping services, preliminary title
  searches, and the creation of GIS-based land
  information systems (LISs).
• LIS projects can involve the conversion of an
  existing paper-based land registration/taxation
  system to an automated interactive GIS system.
  Projects also include the creation of GIS/LIS
  from historical records and aerial
  photogrammetry.
• The title industry can also take advantage of
  internet-enabled GIS systems to allow free public
  access to a county's parcel ownership data and
  maps with a gateway to a fee-for-service section.
• In the fee-for-service section, customers can
  order/down proprietary data and reports and
  initiate title searches. More innovative
  applications can be linked to a local real estate
  board or MLS provider and are of particular value
  to a wide range of real estate professionals.

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Appraisers

• Map current and recently retired listings for a
  more accurate representation of sales information
  for comparison.
• GIS maps properties based on searchable features
  such as address and parcel number, so we can
  review all properties in a given area using these
  connectors
• ArcView GIS desktop software gives you the tools
  to map features that affect a property's value
  such as crime rates, environmental hazards, and
  the condition of surrounding neighborhoods and
  properties.

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GIS USAGE

• Data recall

Geomdk_id 252 Area 147 147.477900 Geodmk_
640 Account_no A0546142 Owner LAM MEE
WONG No_k_p 2224567 Bangsa CINA Address 142,
JLN. BERJASA, TMN. TIMUR, KULAI, JOHOR Poscode
81000 No_geran GM 125 No_lot PTD 12201 Area
BANDAR KULAI Mukim SENAI-KULAI Holding
BEBAS Usage KEDIAMAN Floors 01 Assesment
89000.00 Rate 0.25 Tax 222.50
Land Ownership MAJLIS DAERAH KULAI
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• Modeling
• predict information from data within the GIS
• using a certain model

Population Density Year 2010 -
High - Medium - Low
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BENEFITS OF GIS

• improves/enhances the effects of
  physical/environmental growth
• better management of resources
• adding new value-added services
• perform analysis on spatial and non spatial
  components
• fast recall of data
• ability for complex analysis
• recalling of non spatial data through object
  location
• display of information in a different light/view
• multiple scenario in planning can be performed
  easily