Lecture 11 Planning

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Lecture 11 Planning
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Overview

• The Problems
• Sprawl
• Predominance of the automobile
• Lack of community
• Destruction of ecosystems, green spaces
• Techniques
• Considering energy in Planning
• New Urbanism (NU) Duany Plater-Zyberk
• Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) - Calthorpe
• Best Planning Practices for Florida - Ewing
• Conservation Subdivision Design Arendt
• Smart Growth
• Other
• Infill development
• Downtown Redevelopment
• Brownfields Redevelopment

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Sustainability and Energy Policy
Reduce dependence upon fossil fuels, extracted
underground metals, and minerals, in the areas
of

• Land use
• Transportation
• Housing and building
• Economic development

• Open space and recreation
• Infrastructure
• Resource conservation

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Land-Use Actions

• Compact development
• Mixed uses
• Pedestrian-friendly development
• Transit-oriented development
• Live-work development
• Home-based occupations and work
• Local food production and agriculture

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Transportation Actions

• Reduce vehicle trips
• Use alternative modes of transportation
• Development and use of alternative fuel vehicles
• Provide affordable, efficient transportation
  alternatives

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Transportation Actions

• Street design that
• Encourages pedestrian and bike use and
  discourages high speed traffic
• Supports/enhances neighborhood connection to
  other neighborhoods and commercial developments

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Housing and Building Actions

• Solar-orientation
• Regenerative energy for heating and cooling
• Housing near employment centers
• Building materials with low embodied energy
• Housing that shares resources and living spaces
  (cohousing)

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Economic Development Actions

• Reduce employee and product transport vehicle
  trips (Transportation)
• Use regenerative energy alternatives (Housing and
  Building)
• Are locally based or have home-based work
  opportunities (Land Use)

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Open Space/Recreation Actions

• Provide facilities within walking and biking
  distance
• Use local materials and native plants in
  construction
• Design to reduce dependence on landscaping and
  maintenance resources
• Preserve green spaces in urban areas for cooling
  benefits

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Infrastructure Actions

• Promote facilities that use renewable energy
  sources
• Support design approaches that focus on pollution
  prevention, re-use, and recycling
• Direct development to areas with existing
  transportation systems

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Resource Conservation Actions

• Minimize energy use
• Encourage develop-ment of renewable energy
  sources (Infrastructure)
• Promote recycling of waste materials
• Develop community gardens (Land Use)

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New Urbanism

• Also referred to as Traditional Neighborhood
  Development (TND)
• Center of each neighborhood should be defined by
  a public space and activated by locally-oriented
  civic and commercial activities
• Each neighborhood should accommodate a wide range
  of household types and land uses
• Cars should be kept in perspective
• Architecture should respond to the surrounding
  fabric of buildings and to local traditions

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Seaside, Florida
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Transit-Oriented Development

• Basic template of Peter Calthorpes regional
  plans
• Channels growth into discrete nodes along
  light-rail and bus networks
• Each TOD would be a dense tightly woven community
  mixing stores, housing, and office sin a compact,
  walkable area around transit stops
• In theory, 2000 homes, 1 million sq ft of
  commercial space, parks, schools and day care
  could fit within a ¼ mile walk of the station, a
  space of 120 acres.
• Compare to normal development, only 720
  single-family homes could fit into the same space.

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Best Development Practices

• Written by Reid Ewing (Planners Press, APA, 1996)
• Quest for the Best
• Best contemporary developments protect nature and
  create safe family environments
• Traditional towns are excellent at handling
  traffic and encourage street life
• Object Learn lessons from old communities
  (neo-traditionalism)
• Best Land Use Practices
• Best Transportation Practices
• Best Environmental Practices
• Best Housing Practices

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Featured Developments
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Featured Developments
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Traditional Towns Summary Statistics
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Traditional Town Features

• Well-defined edge of town
• Main street with stores, on-street parking, other
  parking in back
• Prominent public buildings and public spaces
• Narrow streets, short blocks, basic grid pattern
• Commercial, residential, public uses on same
  street
• Housing of different types sizes on same block
• Small setbacks of buildings from streets
• Houses with connections (porches, stoops,walks)
  to street
• Accessory apartments behind homes and above shops
• Alleys (at least in downtown) that permit narrow
  lots, small setbacks, uninterrupted sidewalks

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Abacoa Town Center
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Civano Master Plan
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Civano - Aerial
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Civano Parking Court
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Civano Street Scene
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Civano Pedestrian Zone
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Alley for Rear Access Key West
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Public Focal Point Dade City
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Home-Street Connection Dade City
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Main Street - DeLand
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Apartment Above Shop Key West
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Well-Defined Edge - DeLand
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Conservation Subdivision Design

• Growing Greener Workbook Randall Arendt
  (Natural Lands Trust, 1997)
• Protection of community greenways and open spaces
  networks
• Use suburban zoning densities to advantage

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The pattern of wall-to-wall subdivisions that
evolves over time with zoning and subdivision
ordinances requiring developers to create nothing
more than house lots and streets.
Figure 1
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Figure 2
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Figure 4. Conservation lands deliberately laid
out to form part of an Interconnected network of
open spaces in three adjoining parcels.
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Figure 5. Applying techniques to set aside open
space which preserves Rural Character, expands
community parkland, and creates privacy for
Residences.
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Figure 6. Step one, Part One Identifying Primary
Conservation Areas
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Figure 7. Step One, Part Two Identifying
Secondary Conservation Areas.
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Figure 8. Step One, Part Three Identifying
Potential Development Areas for Options 1, 2, and
5.
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Figure 9. Step Two Locating House Sites
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Figure 10. Step Three Aligning Streets and
Trails
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Figure 11. Step Four Drawing the Lot Lines
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Figure 12. Yield Plan
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Figure 13. Option 1 Density Neural with
Preexisting Zoning (18 lots ranging in size from
20,000 to 40,000 SF 50 undivided open space
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Figure 14. Option 2 Enhanced Conservation and
Density (24 lots ranging in size from 12-24,000
SF 60 undivided open space)
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Figure 15. Option 3 Estate Lots (50 density
reduction 9 lots ranging in size, typically 4
acres)
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Figure 16. Option 5 Country Properties (5 lots,
max density 10 acres principal dwelling 70
density reduction)
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Figure 17. Option 5 Hamlet or Village (36 lots
ranging in size from 6,000 to 12,000 SF 70
undivided open space
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Figure 18 An Option 5 Village surrounded by its
own open space and buffered from existing public
road by two country properties.
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Military Base Before
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Military Base - After
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Shopping Center - Before
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Shopping Center -After
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Street Scene - Before
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Street Scene - After
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Strip Mall Before
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Strip Mall - After
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Automobile Oriented Street Scene
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Sidewalk Oriented Street Scene
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NAHB Version- Smart Growth

• Promoted by the Federal Government and embraced
  by the NAHB
• Meeting the underlying needs for housing demand
  created by an ever-increasing population by
  building a political consensus and employing
  market-sensitive and innovative land-use planning
  techniques
• Means
• Suburban job growth and strong desire to live in
  single family homes will continue to encourage
  growth in suburbia
• Meeting housing growth in smarter ways by
  planning for and building to higher densities
• Revitalizing nations cities and older suburbs
• Preserving meaningful open space
• Protecting environmentally sensitive areas

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Principles Guiding Smart Growth

• Anticipating and planning for economic
  development and growth in a timely, orderly, and
  predictable manner
• Establishing a long-term comprehensive plan for
  each local jurisdiction, making available an
  ample supply of land for residential, commercial,
  recreational, and industrial purposes, as well as
  for meaningful open space and to protect
  environmentally sensitive lands
• Removing barriers to innovative land-use planning
  techniques building at higher density, mixed use
  developments, infill development
• Planning and constructing new infrastructure in a
  timely manner to keep pace with current and
  future demand for new housing and finding a fair
  and broad-based way to underwrite these costs.
• Achieving a reasonable balance in the land use
  process by using innovative planning concepts to
  protect the environment and preserve open space,
  improve traffic flow, improve quality of life
• Ensuring the process for reviewing site-specific
  land development is reasonable, predictable, and
  fair

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Smart Growth Network Version p. 1
In communities across the nation, there is a
growing concern that current development
patterns--dominated by what some call
"sprawl"--are no longer in the long-term interest
of our cities, existing suburbs, small towns,
rural communities, or wilderness areas. Though
supportive of growth, communities are questioning
the economic costs of abandoning infrastructure
in the city, only to rebuild it further out. They
are questioning the social costs of the mismatch
between new employment locations in the suburbs
and the available work-force in the city. They
are questioning the wisdom of abandoning
"brownfields" in older communities, eating up the
open space and prime agricultural lands at the
suburban fringe, and polluting the air of an
entire region by driving farther to get places.
Spurring the smart growth movement are
demographic shifts, a strong environmental ethic,
increased fiscal concerns, and more nuanced views
of growth. The result is both a new demand and a
new opportunity for smart growth.
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Smart Growth Network Version 2
Smart growth recognizes connections between
development and quality of life. It leverages new
growth to improve the community. The features
that distinguish smart growth in a community vary
from place to place. In general, smart growth
invests time, attention, and resources in
restoring community and vitality to center cities
and older suburbs. New smart growth is more
town-centered, is transit and pedestrian
oriented, and has a greater mix of housing,
commercial and retail uses. It also preserves
open space and many other environmental
amenities. But there is no"one-size-fits-all"
solution. Successful communities do tend to have
one thing in common--a vision of where they want
to go and of what things they value in their
community--and their plans for development
reflect these values
www.smartgrowth.org
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Ten Principles Of Smart Growth

• Mix land uses
• Take advantage of compact building design
• Create a range of housing opportunities and
  choices
• Create walkable neighborhoods
• Foster distinctive, attractive communities with
  a strongsense of place
• Preserve open space, farmland, natural beauty,
  and critical environmental areas
• Strengthen and direct development towards
  existing communities
• Provide a variety of transportation choices
• Make development decisions predictable, fair,
  and cost effective
• Encourage community and stakeholder
  collaboration in development decisions

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What Smart Growth Is And Is Not
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Brownfields

• Land that is or is perceived to be contaminated
• With certain legal exclusions and additions, the
  term brownfield site' means real property, the
  expansion, redevelopment, or reuse of which may
  be complicated by the presence or potential
  presence of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or
  contaminant.

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Summary and Conclusions

• New Urbanism and Transit-Oriented Development
  address the planning side of sustainable
  construction
• Huge energy and emissions impacts accompany
  planning decisions
• Must add in the subject of green construction for
  completeness
• Brownfields are an important asset and their
  recovery and return to productive use is critical
• Smart Growth is an attempt to provide stop-gap
  measures to contend with negative outcomes of
  sprawl caused by lack of planning