Presentations

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Presentations

• Willing to receive? Attention of the audience
  hold interest through presentation- The role of
  persuasion
• Persuasion
• Conscious manipulation to face-to-face
  communication to induce others to take action

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Scoring Interpretation

• For questions 1-2-3-5-6-7 3 pts. for Usually, 2
  pts. for Sometimes, 1 pt. for Seldom
• For question 4 3 pts. for Seldom, 2 pts. for
  Sometimes, 1 pt. for Usually
• Sum up your total points. Scores
• gt 19 You make effective use of your persuasive
  resources
• 16 to 18 You can be more persuasive in your
  interpersonal relations
• lt 16 You have room for significant improvement
  in your oral persuasion techniques

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How is persuasion different from authority or
power?

• Means of influence- focus on getting other
  people to do, what you want them to do, but
• 1) Power authority means of making others to
  do stg. They otherwise would not have done
• Persuadees feel they are acting of their own
  accord within the goals guidelines set for them
  

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How is persuasion different from authority or
power?

• 2) Authority represents the rights that go with
  managerial position
• 3) Authority has limits setting up a
  psychological line
• 4) Authority implies obligation, but in
  persuasion- performing the rask with commitment
  enthusiasm gt motivation better than authority

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General Strategies of persuasion

• 1) Credibillity trust confidence.
• Demonstrate competence knowledge ability
• Having trustworthy intentions (establishing a
  trust bond)
• Personal charisma (striking others as friendly,
  caring, enthusiastic positive)
• 2) Logical Reasoning Citing logical reasons for
  them to behave as you wish.
• 3) Emotional Appeal Using a langauage touching
  the emotions. What the listeners need is a
  stimulus that will move them from passive to
  active

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Persuasive practices for securing attention
arguing well

• 1) Addressing people by name Increases the
  capacity for selective perception make people
  feel involved
• 2) Posing questions Turning the opening
  statement into a question
• 3) Using different channels and encoding Music,
  other sound, direct action (usually associated
  with political movements)

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Presentations

• Able to receive? Audiences have little or no
  control over the information flow gt Allow pauses
  between main points, avoid information overload
• Achieving information? Pose questions, voting,
  presentation being informal discussion

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Preparing the presentation materials

• If accompanied by a written report, written
  version SHOULD complement the presentation
• If before gt chance of discussion
• If not gt introduction to the Topic
• Not distribute the full version at the beginning
  of the presentation

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Preparing the presentation materials

• Answer key questions (audience, objective,
  context, source)
• Clarify terms of reference/project brief
• Decide what to include and what to cut
• Decide how to organize the material
• Make the logical structure visible

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The Presenter I) Postures

• DONT
• Adopt a head down, round-shouldered stance when
  addressing audience. Lack of eye contact
  Nervousness, lack of confidence.
• Leaning on one foot
• Trying to blend with the background
• Folding the arms tightly across the chest
  protects the persons soft underbelly from
  attack

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DO

• Stay upright well balanced
• Stable, but not static, allowing for some
  movement around the room
• Moderately relaxed, but conveying energy rather
  than apathy.
• Be careful for cross-cultural aspects
• Skills developed after repeated cycles of
  experience reflection gt Begin to feel more
  confident, positive alert

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II) Physical Appearance

• Choice of clothing Help to project the right
  image, increase confidence
• No fixed rules
• Presenters may simply decide to dress in the way
  that they feel most comfortable.

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III) Developing the human voice

• In contrast to informal one-to-one conversations,
  the presenter has to speak
• For an extended period
• In a fairly structured way
• To many different people simultaneously
• DONT talk with a weak voice

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Work on 4 dimensions of vocal delivery

• Setting the volume
• Varying the pitch Convey a positive message when
  sentences end on a higher note, obtain advice of
  someone
• Pacing the delivery
• Fault Speaking too quickly or slow delivery
  (monotonous) gt Vary the pace of delivery
• DONT include too much material gt Plan.
• If insufficiently flexible at a rapid pace
  lose audiences attention gt Highlight key points
• Can switch from longer to shorter sentences
  helps to vary the pace of delivery.

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4) Exploiting the pauses

• Depending on its length, silence comma
• Can be used to separate different ideas
  emphasize a particular agreement
• Long pauses Rarely used. Allow thinking
• A single pause will seem longer to the presenter
  than to the audience

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Typical techniques include

• Use the pause to build eye contact with the
  audience
• Appear to be lost for words, but then return with
  a major piece of the argument
• Add to the dramatic effect by simply walking
  silently from one part of the room to another
• Use them in combination

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IV) Remembering what to say

• Greatest fear Forget what to say next.
• Reading a prepared script Mistake, ineffective
  delivery, limited eye contact minimal use of
  gestures to reinforce msg.
• Memorizing a prepared script In an
  organizational context, sounds artificial can be
  caught out when opened up to questions.
• While effective for short statements, unassisted
  memorizing not practical for most people.

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3) Improvising on the day

• Valuable techniques for informal discussions
• Some necessary and impressive in QA
• 4) Using a prompting system Prepare the
  presentation in a detailed structured way. Use
  cue cards tied together or numbered in case
  dropped on the floor.

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Audio-Visual Equipment

• 1) Projectors Limitations user errors
• Stand in front of the display screen
• Talk to the projector instead of audience
• Display slides that do not coincide with the
  spoken delivery
• Use too much text
• Not checking spelling errors
• Technical failures

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2) Whiteboards

• Common teaching aid, useful in discussions
  brainstorming sessions
• Limitations user Errors
• Turn their backs on the audience while writing
  making them difficult to hear
• Presenters may have illegible handwriting
• Dried out pens
• Using indelible pens by mistake makes presenter
  unpopular with the next user

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3) Video Players

• Short video clips useful to illustrate a point
• DONT use so long video clips
• Limitations user errors
• Technical faults
• Incompatible playback formats
• Inappropriate use during a live presentation

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4) Props Take Aways

• Props additional materials used to enhance a
  presentation. Ex/ Food samples, scale 2222models
  of building developments
• Presenter may also wish to provide the audience
  with materials to take away after presentation
• Information pack having supporting details
• Paper or electronic copies of the presentation

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Limitations user errors

• Handling out material at the beginning audience
  will look at it instead of focusing on the
  presentation
• Inappropriate materials

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Four Key Elements

• I) Creating an opener How do you secure the
  audiences attention? Think from their
  perspective Relevancy, your credibility. Ex/
• Pose a question having relevance for them
• Create a powerful scenario, using visual imagery
• Quote a statistic that will surprise them
• Share an informal anecdote
• Refer to a relevant and memorable quotation

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II) Signaling transitions and changing pace

• DONT move too quickly from one topic to another
  if not lose their audiences attention
• Take time to emphasize transitions give a brief
  recap of the last topic pause a little bit
• Use non-verbal cues
• May introduce an audio-visual prompt such as
  photographic image

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III) Closing with a flourish

• Equivalent to the concluding section
• Draw the arguments together attempt to ensure
  that the audience has absorbed
• Summarize key points, show how they combine to
  achieve that purpose
• May split the audience into groups, setting a
  task and asking each group to report back

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IV) Handling questions, interruption dialogue

• Open questions better
• Allow members to discuss first, rather than
  asking for an immediate response
• Sometimes difficult to switch between delivery
  mode to engaging an active dialogue. Then retain
  control through careful preparation
• Try to predict questions have prepared answers
  in your mind
• Q A Problems 1) Unable to give an answer
• 2) Know the answer but consider that it isnt
  interesting
• 3) Not want to give the answer gt Be Honest!

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IV) Handling questions, interruption dialogue

• Interaction as questions provide dialogue
• Quiz questions alert to the themes time
• Poorly-worded questions distort audience
• Well-handled questions are valuable
• If you get a feeling that youre losing your
  audience, DONT ignore as this is a communication
  barrier