Ethics of Development in a Global Environment EDGE Prejudice and Poverty

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Ethics of Development in a Global Environment
(EDGE)Prejudice and Poverty

• Enrolment form
• Summary of Overview from Trade and the
  Environment
• Discussion of This Quarters Projects

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Trade and The Environment March 2008 Overview
Statement

• The Birth of Empires
• The Christian Colonial Era
• Post Colonial World Wars
• After the Great War, the Other Great War
• Creation of Regional Governments
• United States Empire Ambitions
• Best Laid Plans
• Latin American Seeking Independence
• New Efforts stirring Military Confrontations
• Using Oil Profits to make World Trade Fair.

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A Critical Point in the History of Humankind(a)
The Birth of Empires

• Since the emergence of humankind about 50,000
  years ago, there has been steady progress towards
  improved technology and organization for both
  living standards and for slaughter. The earliest
  changes allowed improved hunting and gathering,
  then farming and herding and better shelter. Soon
  the emergence of abstract values in language led
  to organization of societies into larger and
  larger communities and civilizations. Authority
  derived from higher beings allowed a small
  group of rulers to harness the labor of thousands
  and then millions of people to improve
  agriculture, build larger and larger dwellings
  and assemble armies to defend their own Empires
  or to overwhelm and/or enslave others cultures.
• In some regions environment or inherent social
  values allowed groups of thousands to exist in
  adjacent areas with little conflict over
  resources. However the plague of Empire spread
  from the Great Rift Valley in East Africa up
  through the Arabian peninsula across Europe to
  the West, across the Orient to the East, and
  finally across the ice-age land bridge to the
  Americas. Great empires developed with massive
  armies enslaving other cultures to use their
  wealth and labor to enhance their own wealth.
  Through trade and conquest emperors amassed more
  and more power using it to feed their subjects (a
  bit) but mostly to build monuments to themselves
  and their gods and to pile riches upon the few
  loyalists they needed to maintain rule.

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Wars of Conquest Around the Mediterranean Fertile
Crescent, Persian, Roman, Ottoman Empires
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(b) The Christian Colonial Era

• While the practices of Empires over the world
  was subjugation and exploitation, the practices
  varied from Empire to Empire. Some were more
  beneficial to their subjects others maintained
  subjects in poverty just above starvation while
  enriching their ruling classes. As the empires
  grew they dominated more and more different
  cultures, usually choosing one segment of the
  foreign culture to rule in their behalf. Rather
  than eliminate these cultures, the oppression
  often developed a resentful underclass ready to
  follow another leader or religion and rebel
  against the occupying power. This was
  particularly true of the Colonial era.
• When the Romans killed Rabbi Jesus and
  thousands of other Jewish protesters, it was the
  beginning of the fall of Rome's Empire.
  Underground spread of the new religion, calling
  for better treatment of common people, fostered
  revolution among the many cultures of the Empire.
  Adoption of Christianity as a state religion by
  Constantine in 307 AD did not change the
  oppression. The Holy Roman Empire lasted only a
  short while but gave birth to multiple
  Christian Empires that now in the name of God
  converted and enslaved cultures around the
  world, and slaughtered each other for dominance.
• For over 1,700 years the battles have raged.
  Native populations in the Americas were
  slaughtered, African populations were enslaved
  and shipped over the oceans to provide labor, and
  tens of millions were slaughtered in World Wars I
  II to see which Christian Empire would rule
  the world.

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Colonial Empires
Portuguese Empire
Dutch Empire
English Empire
French Empire
Russian Empire
Spanish Empire
German Empire
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Ottoman Empire
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At least 618,000 Americans died in the Civil War
1861 to 1865
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(c) Post Colonial World Wars

• The Colonial era was not about bringing
  salvation or better living standards to other
  regions, and the world wars were not about
  freedom. World War I grew out of a dispute
  between European powers for exploiting colonial
  territory. Germany as it grew in power wanted a
  growing share of Africas riches and in 1914 was
  willing to fight for it. They were joined by the
  Ottoman empire Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria. On
  the other side were France, England, and Russia,
  joined later by Italy and America. After four
  years and 40 million deaths, the winners divided
  up the colonial territories of the Ottoman empire
  in the Mid East and North Africa and the African
  colonies of Germany. Japan was neutral originally
  but then joined the winners in return for keeping
  its colonial holdings in Korea and parts of China
  and Russia.

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Ottoman Empire divided up
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(d) After the Great War, the Next Great War

• While the victors divided up the spoils of
  World War I they also pursued economic policies
  that led to the accumulation of great wealth at
  the expense of working peoples and to the great
  crash of October 29, 1929, Black Tuesday. The
  ensuing world wide depression opened the door for
  Mussolini in Italy and Hitler in Germany to gain
  power. Hitler trashed the League of Nations, the
  organization set up after WW I to prevent further
  wars, and set about to rectify the wrongs of
  the Versailles Treaty and regain the glory of the
  Holy Roman Tradition.
• Aided by dictatorial powers granted after the
  Reichstag fire, he demonized the Communists
  rearmed the nation and eventually attacked
  Poland, starting the second world war in 1939.
  The new war resulted in different teams. Germany
  partnered with Italy and later Japan while
  England and France, again with the United States
  opposed them. Russia originally kept out of it,
  but Germany , after subduing France, attacked
  Russia. The new war cost 70,000,000 lives in its
  six year duration.

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Reichstag fire

• The Reichstag fire was a pivotal event in the
  establishment of Nazi Germany. At 2115 on the
  night of February 27, 1933, a Berlin fire station
  received an alarm call that the Reichstag
  building, the assembly location of the German
  Parliament, was ablaze. The fire was started in
  the Session Chamber1, and by the time the
  police and firemen arrived, the main Chamber of
  Deputies was in flames. Inside the building, the
  police quickly found a shirtless Marinus van der
  Lubbe. Van der Lubbe was a Dutch insurrectionist
  council communist and unemployed bricklayer who
  had recently arrived in Germany, ostensibly to
  carry out his political activities. The fire was
  used as evidence that the Communists were
  beginning a plot against the German government.
  Van der Lubbe and 4000 Communist leaders were
  arrested. Then-chancellor Adolf Hitler urged
  President Hindenburg to pass an emergency decree
  in order to counter the "ruthless confrontation
  of the KPD".

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The Reichstag fire The next day the ageing
President signed a decree which allowed the nazis
to suspend freedom of speech which they used to
ban virtually the entire opposition press.
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World War II casualties From Wikipedia, the free
encyclopedia

• The total estimated human loss of life caused by
  World War II was roughly 72 million people. The
  civilian toll was around 47 million, including 20
  million deaths due to war related famine and
  disease. The military toll was about 25 million,
  including the deaths of about 5 million prisoners
  of war in captivity. The Allies lost around 61
  million people, and the Axis lost 11 million.

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• After six years and 72 million deaths, the
  Axis was defeated. Though the Allies had used
  troops extensively from their colonial
  territories, the colonies were not given their
  promised independence. Instead the US and England
  and much of Europe joined together with their
  former enemies, Japan, Germany and Italy to
  oppose their former allies, China and Russia, in
  the Cold War. The colonies had to fight for
  their independence from 1945 to the present.

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Fights for Independence after WW II

• Kenya 1963 1980---
• Mali 1960-1997
• Philippines 1934-1946
• China 1947-1949
• Ghana 1957
• Nigeria 1960
• Congo 1960---
• Angola 1974-2002
• South Africa 1994
• Macao --1999
• Vietnam 1959-1975
• Indonesia 1945
• Cuba 1956-1959
• Nicaragua 1961-2006

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And the Wars Continue
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(e) Creation of regional Governments

• Today the evolution of world government that
  seems most promising is creation of regional
  bodies able to adjudicate issues between
  competing cultures without wars. The European
  nations that grew out of the dregs of the Roman
  Empire were the cradle of colonialism, slavery
  and world wars. The European Steal and Coal
  Community grew out of the self interest of
  France, Germany and Italy after World War II.
  Learning to resolve self interests, this seed
  grew over the years to 27 nations united for self
  interest. Today the European Union comprises over
  500 million people and one third of the world
  GDP.
• The EU guarantees the rights of the many
  different cultures, languages and religions that
  for centuries had been used by emperors to sow
  hatred. They guarantee rights for labor
  organizations and limit the excesses of giant
  corporations. They have impressive programs
  supporting public health, education, and
  retirement programs. Most importantly they have
  created a common currency, eliminating a major
  tool used by nations to wage economic war on each
  other.
• Organization of the EU was opposed by the
  United States, but has been copied by regional
  bodies around the world. It is the model for
  South America, East Asia, South Asia, Africa and
  Arabian Nations.
• It is also reflected in NAFTA, although without
  many of the EU protections.

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Growth of the European Union

• European Coal and Steel Community 1951-2002 - gtgt
• European Economic Community and reorganized in
  1967 by a merger with the European Coal and Steel
  Community and the European Atomic Community (from
  the 1980s usually known as European Community).

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AustriaBelgiumBulgariaCyprusCzech
RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGr
eeceHungaryIrelandItalyLatviaLithuaniaLuxemb
ourgMaltaNetherlandsPolandPortugalRomaniaSlo
vakiaSloveniaSpainSwedenUnited Kingdom

• World War II
• Allied powers  China  France gtgt  Soviet
  Union  United Kingdom gtgt  United States...et
  al.
• Axis powers  Germany gtgt  Italy gtgt
   Japan...et al

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• The EU comprises a single market created by a
  system of laws which apply in all member states,
  guaranteeing the freedom of movement of people,
  goods, services and capital.3 It maintains a
  common trade policy, agricultural and fisheries
  policies, and a regional development policy.4
  In 1999 the EU introduced a common currency, the
  euro, which has been adopted by fifteen member
  states. It represents its members in the WTO and
  observes at G8 summits and at the UN.
• With almost 500 million citizens, the EU
  generates an estimated 31 share of the world's
  nominal GDP (US16.6 trillion) in 2007.2

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• Russ.East Europe CIS 1991
• Asian ASEAN 1961
• N. America NAFTA 1994
• Arab League 1945
• African Union 2001
• South Asian SAARC 1985

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2004-2008.. Creation of theUnion of South
American Nations
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(f) U.S. Empire Ambitions

• While the originators of Empire and the
  Colonial era were working out peaceful relations
  in Europe, unfortunately the United States was
  working towards world domination. The military
  industrial complex (the term coined by
  General-President Eisenhower) plus ambitious
  international corporations were extending their
  control of as much of the world as they could.
  Since losses to the U.S. in World Wars I and II
  were small, about 2 of the fatalities, the
  nation became the strongest economically and
  militarily. What an opportunity for the leaders,
  in the Holy Roman tradition, to reestablish
  control over other nations, eliminate the threat
  of communists and unions, and complete domination
  by Judeo-Christian forces over other religions
  and cultures of the world.
• One component of the plan is to build military
  power greater than any other nation in the world.
  International bases, preemptive war and
  unilateral action accompanies this power. On the
  economic front, the US controlled World Bank and
  IMF, using profits generated during the 1970s
  oil crisis, provided loans and created
  indebtedness of former Colonies in South America,
  Africa and Asia.
• As it became clear that the worlds petroleum
  resources would be exhausted by the middle of the
  current century, strategies were also devised to
  control world energy resources to benefit from
  the scarcity profits they will bring.

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U.S. Federal Budget
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US Military Bases

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Partial world map showing the creation of a new
United States Africa Command (USAFRICOM) by
reassigning parts of the existing United States
European Command (USEUCOM) and United States
Central Command (USCENTCOM).Source DoD News
Briefing, Wednesday, 7 February 2007 - 100 PM
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World Debts
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New Rise in Oil Prices The End game 100/Bbl
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Total Consumption82,234,918 bbl/day 30,000
million bbl/yrTotal Reserves1.3174 trillion
barrels (January 2007)1.3174 trillion/ 30
million/yr43.9 years
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(g) The Best-Laid Plans

• Often go awry. The Plans for a New American
  Century formulated at the end of the Reagan
  presidency and implemented by both Bush
  administrations have indeed been a failure.The
  transparent neo-liberalism and Washington
  Consensus are being challenged successfully
  around the world. The political and military
  adventures to secure the worlds energy supply are
  also failing.
• Military occupation of Iraq has encountered
  continued resistance, resulting in over 4,000
  deaths of US and its partners troops and over
  600,000 Iraqis. Still the puppet government has
  not granted oil licenses to US firms. In
  Afghanistan, the potential route for a US oil and
  gas pipeline from the Caspian Sea, the resistance
  is increasing. Meanwhile the nations around the
  Caspian have united and are developing
  alternative pipelines. Insults to the Arab
  nations, the invasion of Iraq and prejudice
  against Islam, have turned Saudi Arabia and other
  members of the Arab League against our
  policies.They are pursuing independent
  initiatives for peace in Iraq and resolution of
  the Israeli-Palestine issues with UN support.
• Russia has regained control of its oil and gas
  resources. Khodorkovsky of the Texas-linked Yukos
  corporation, hoped to control both the resources
  and the Russian nation through billionaires
  created under Yeltsin and the World Banks shock
  capitalism. President Putin, with Chinas help,
  has regained the resources and rebuilt Russias
  economy through energy exports by Gazprom, a
  national corporation, to Europe. The Chairman of
  Gazprom, Dmitry Medvedev
• has been elected to become Russia's next
  President.

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Power and Economic Transitions in Russia
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Caspian Resources

• Officially, Mr. Putin, the first post-Soviet
  Union Russian leader to go to Iran, was in Tehran
  to attend a Summit of the Caspian Sea littoral
  states, which are, besides Iran and Russia,
  Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Azerbaijan, but he
  had been endorsed by his major Western partners
  to discuss with the Iranian leader that nations
  controversial nuclear activities and try to make
  them hear the voice of logic and see the
  realities.

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Natural Gas Export Routes and Options in the
Caspian Sea Region Stalled, Planned Operational

• Baku-Erzurum
• "Centgas" (Central Asia Gas)
• Central Asia Center Pipeline
• China Gas Pipeline
• Trans-Caspian Gas Pipeline (TCGP)
• Korpezhe-Kurt-Kui

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Putin lauds rapid growth of Russia-China trade,
urges structural reform2006-03- Xinhua English

• "The growth rate of the Russia-China trade has
  far exceeded the average growth rate of Russia's
  overall foreign trade over recent years. Russia
  ranks among the Top Ten trade partners of China
  in a stable manner, " Putin said in an exclusive
  interview with Xinhua prior to his visit to
  China.
• The trade volume between the two countries hit
  29.1 billion U.S. dollars last year, up 37
  percent on a year-on-year basis.
• Putin said bilateral investment is also
  registering stable development. About 557
  projects financed by China are being carried out
  in Russia.

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Rethinking the Role of Religion

• Moscow's Cathedral of Christ the Savior -
  destroyed by Stalin in 1931, painstakingly
  restored in the 1990s

Qolsärif mosque - The largest mosque in Russia,
Kazan
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Using the Oil and GasTrade
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(h) Latin American Seeking Independence

• Even though Latin America was subject to U.S.
  economic and military attempts to control its
  governments and resources, its liberal leaders
  have rallied, won the presidencies of many
  nations, united South America in a new Union
  patterned after the EU, won back their resources
  and are using proceeds from energy sales to
  extend political unity to Central America and the
  Caribbean.
• South America has now cancelled much of its
  debt, created a Banko Del Sur to replace the
  World Bank and are implementing many of the
  reforms recommended by Nobel Prize winner, Joseph
  Stiglitz in his book, Making Globalization
  Work. They plan a common currency in the coming
  years.
• The US military, CIA and School of the
  Americas (SOA) interventions in Latin America
  resulted in thousands of deaths but little
  permanent advantage for the U.S. Guatemala
  (1954), Argentina (1976), El Salvador (1980),
  Nicaragua (1983), Grenada (1986), Panama (1989),
  Haiti (1991), and Colombia (1998). The
  successful overturning of U.S. hegemony in South
  America is resulting in movements for similar
  reform in Central America.
• Though recruited by the U.S. to join the
  Coalition of the Willing in the 2003 Iraq
  invasion, Latin America responded only in the
  countries directly influenced by the CIA and
  special Ops, and only weakly. All but El Salvador
  have removed troops. But a number of
  paramilitaries have been hired by private U.S.
  contractors.
• China and Russia are now making trade inroads
  and investments throughout Latin America.

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Training manuals used at the SOA and elsewhere
from the early 1980s through 1991 promoted
techniques that violated human rights and
democratic standards. SOA graduates continue to
surface in news reports regarding both current
human rights cases and new reports on past case.
See The Washington, D.C. based human rights
organization, School of the Americas Watch.

• In 1946, the The Latin American Training Center
  U.S. Ground Forces was established in Panama at
  Fort Gulick, at what is now called the Melia
  Hotel. During 1949 it was expanded and became the
  U.S. Army Caribbean Training Center. It was
  expanded and renamed the U.S. Army School of the
  Americas in 1963. It relocated to Fort Benning in
  1984, following the signing of the Panama Canal
  Treaty. More than 61,000 military personnel
  attended these United States Army schools.

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Guatemala 1954-2000CIA vs Arbenz

• More than 450 Mayan villages were destroyed
  and over 1 million people became internal and
  external refugees. In certain areas, such as Baja
  Verapaz, the Truth Commission considered that the
  Guatemalan state engaged in an intentional policy
  of genocide against particular ethnic groups in
  the Civil War.

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Guatemala May Join Petrocaribe

• Guatemala, Feb 21, 2008 (Prensa Latina)
  Guatemalan President Alvaro Colom stated his
  government is analyzing Thursday the possibility
  of joining the Petrocaribe energy initiative,
  boosted by Venezuela.
• The decision could be made within one or two
  weeks, Colom said in the Special Summit of the
  Central American Integration System in San
  Salvador.
• According to the statesman, the team who studied
  benefits for Guatemala of that cooperation accord
  has concluded its analysis, so the issue could
  appear in the Cabinet meeting Monday.
• On his January visit to this capital for Colom's
  inauguration, Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez
  said that his country's energy potential is open
  to Guatemala through its entrance to Petrocaribe.
• That initiative emerged in 2005 to solve
  asymmetries in access to oil resources through a
  new favorable, equitable and fair exchange among
  the Caribbean basin countries.
• Among benefits are that nation members only have
  to pay 60-percent of the bill and the rest has a
  25-year period of grace with very low interest
• Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Belize, Cuba,
  Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Dominican
  Republic, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia,
  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Surinam,
  Venezuela, Haiti and Nicaragua are currently
  members of the organization.

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Argentina1976

• The armed forces took power through a junta in
  charge of the self-appointed National
  Reorganization Process until 1983. The military
  government repressed opposition and leftist
  groups using harsh illegal measures (the "Dirty
  War") thousands of dissidents "disappeared",
  while the SIDE cooperated with DINA and other
  South American intelligence agencies, and with
  the CIA in Operation Condor. Many of the military
  leaders that took part in the Dirty War were
  trained in the U.S.-financed School of the
  Americas, among them Argentine dictators Leopoldo
  Galtieri and Roberto Viola. The military
  dictatorship (1976-1983) greatly increased the
  extent of the country's foreign debt. From that
  point the economy of the country began to be
  controlled more and more by the conditions
  imposed on it by both its creditors and the IMF
  (International Monetary Fund) with priority given
  to servicing the repayment of the foreign debt.
  These and other economic problems, charges of
  corruption, public revulsion in the face of human
  rights abuses and, finally, the country's 1982
  defeat by the British in the Falklands War
  discredited the Argentine military regime.

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Argentina vs The Washington Consensus

• On the 20th of December 2001 Argentina was thrown
  into its worst institutional and economic crisis
  for several decades. There were violent street
  protests, which brought about clashes with the
  police and resulted in several fatalities. The
  increasingly chaotic climate, amidst bloody
  riots, finally resulted in the resignation of
  President de la Rúa. The economic crisis
  accentuated the peoples lack of trust in their
  politicians. During this time street protests
  were accompanied by the cry they all should go.
  The "they" referred to the politicians,
  especially those involved in many reported acts
  of corruption. They were also accused of dealing
  fraudulently with public goods and money, without
  any judicial sanctions in place to curb the
  corruption.
• In two weeks, several presidents followed in
  quick succession, culminating in Eduardo
  Duahadle's being appointed interim President of
  Argentina by the Legislative Assembly on 2
  January 2002. Argentina defaulted on its
  international debt obligations. The peso's near
  eleven year-old linkage to the United States
  dollar was abandoned, resulting in major
  depression of the peso and a spike in inflation.
• With a more competitive and flexible exchange
  rate, the country implemented new policies based
  on re-industrialization, import substitution,
  increased exports, and consistent fiscal and
  trade surpluses. By the end of 2002 the economy
  began to stabilize, mainly thanks to the soybean
  and other cereals' boom and floating of exchange
  rates. In 2003, Nestor Kirchner was elected
  president. During Kirchner's presidency,
  Argentina restructured its defaulted debt with a
  steep discount (about 66 percent) on most bonds,
  paid off debts with the International Monetary
  Fund, renegotiated contracts with utilities, and
  nationalized some previously privatized
  enterprises. Currently, Argentina is enjoying a
  period of economic growth. In 2007 Christina
  Fernandez de Kirchner, was elected president.

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El Salvador 1980-1994Human rights, Washington
styleexcerpted from the book Killing Hopeby
William Blum

• The United States was supporting the government
  of El Salvador, said President Ronald Reagan,
  because it was trying "to halt the infiltration
  into the Americas, by terrorists and by outside
  interference, and those who aren't just aiming at
  El Salvador but, I think, are aiming at the whole
  of Central and possibly later South America and,
  I'm sure, eventually North America."

In a remote corner of El Salvador, investigators
uncovered the remains of a horrible crime a
crime that Washington had long denied. The
villagers of El Mozote had the misfortune to find
themselves in the path of the Salvadoran Armys
anti-Communist crusade. The story of the massacre
at El Mozote how it came about, and hy it had
to be denied stands as a central parable of the
Cold War.
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El Salvador, Proud Member of CAFTA
5 Cents to Sew Kathie Lee Pants The women earn
just 15 cents for every pair of 16.96 Kathie Lee
pants they sew. That means that wages amount to
only 9/10 of one percent of the retail price of
the garment.

• People washing clothes in a lagoon. About half
  the population of El Salvador lives below the
  national poverty line.

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Nicaragua 1983 The Contra AffairRonald Reagan vs
Daniel Ortega
Los presidentes de Venezuela, Hugo Chavez
Bolivia, Evo Morales Ecuador, Rafael Correa
Colombia, Alvaro Uribe y el Príncipe de España
Felipe de Borbon, en la posesión de Daniel
Ortega presidente de Nicaragua.

• Inauguration of Daniel Ortega January, 2007

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Invasion of Grenada 1986Ronald Reagan vs Hudson
Austin ( Fidel Castro)
After the invasion, Prime Minister Thatcher wrote
to President Reagan This action will be seen as
intervention by a Western country in the internal
affairs of a small independent nation, however
unattractive its regime. I ask you to consider
this in the context of our wider East-West
relations and of the fact that we will be having
in the next few days to present to our Parliament
and people the siting of Cruise missiles in this
country...I cannot conceal that I am deeply
disturbed by your latest communication
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Panama1989 G.H.W.Bush vs Manual Noriega
The US attacked Panama in 1989, replacing
Manual Noriega. But in 1999 The last wave of
U.S. airmen pulled out of Panama as Howard Air
Force Base reverted to Panamanian control,
bringing eight decades of U.S. air power in the
Central American nation to a close. The
notorious School of the Americas was also closed.
It moved to Fort Benning, Georgia in 1984.
China has invested heavily in port facilities at
both ends of the Panama canal and is expected to
bid to buy the Howard Air Force base facilities.

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Haiti and the School of the AssassinsSchool of
the Americas The Haitian Caseby Adrianne Aron

• .. Training for Regime Change
• In 1991, Jean-Bertrand Aristide was inaugurated
  as President of Haiti. Eight months later,
  CIA-operative Michel Francois, Chief of Haiti's
  National Police and founder of the Anti-Gang Unit
  that routinely tortured prisoners to death, led a
  coup that drove President Aristide from office.
  Francois was a graduate of Ft. Benning's Infantry
  School. Philippe Biamby, a fellow leader of the
  coup, had also been trained at Ft. Benning's
  Infantry School, while Raoul Cedras, the coup
  leader who took control after the democratic
  government was ousted, was a graduate of Ft.
  Benning's School of the Americas.
• During the Cedras regime, on September 11, 1993,
  Sacre Coeur Church in Port-au-Prince was
  commemorating the fifth anniversary of the
  massacre at St. Jean Bosco. In full view of the
  media and human rights observers, a paramilitary
  death squad dragged businessman Antoine Izméry, a
  prominent Aristide supporter, out to the
  sidewalk, and shot him through the head. The
  following year, Aristide supporter Father
  Jean-Marie Vincent was gunned down in
  Port-au-Prince. When he'd led a peasant land
  reform movement some years before, the massacre
  of hundreds of peasants had made no impression on
  Washington, nor had the violent death of more
  than 5,000 people during the bloody Cedras years
  attracted much notice.
• René Garcia Préval vice president under Aristide
  was elected President in 2006 with UN conducted
  elections.

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Plan Colombia, 1997
F A R C
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For Immediate ReleaseMarch 27, 2003

• Forty-nine countries are publicly committed to
  the Coalition, including
• Afghanistan, Albania, Angola, Australia,
  Azerbaijan Bulgaria, Colombia, Costa Rica, Czech
  Republic Denmark, Dominican Republic, El
  Salvador, Eritrea Estonia, Ethiopia, Georgia,
  Honduras, Hungary, Iceland Italy, Japan, Kuwait,
  Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia Marshall Islands,
  Micronesia, Mongolia, Netherlands Nicaragua,
  Palau, Panama, Philippines, Poland, Portugal
  Romania, Rwanda, Singapore, Slovakia, Solomon
  Islands South Korea, Spain, Tonga, Turkey,
  Uganda, Ukraine United Kingdom, United States,
  Uzbekistan

As of August 23, 2006, there were 21 non-U.S.
military forces contributing armed forces to the
Coalition in Iraq. These 21 countries were
Albania, Armenia, Australia, Azerbaijan,
Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Czech Republic,
Denmark, El Salvador, Estonia, Georgia,
Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia,
Moldova, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, South Korea,
and the United Kingdom.
57
Firms tap Latin Americans for IraqMarch 3, 2005

• Private security firms contracted with the
  Pentagon and the State Department are dipping
  into experienced pools of trained fighters
  throughout Central and South America for their
  new recruits. With better pay than what they can
  earn at home, some 1,000 Latin Americans are
  working in Iraq today, estimates the Washington
  Office on Latin America (WOLA). These recruits
  are joined by thousands of others - from the US
  and Britain, as well as from Fiji, the
  Philippines, India and beyond. Close to 20,000
  armed personnel employed by private contractors
  are estimated to be operating in Iraq, making up
  the second largest foreign armed force in the
  country, after the US.
• Throughout Latin America there have been numerous
  press reports of contracting and subcontracting
  firms recruiting in Chile, Colombia, Nicaragua,
  Guatemala, and El Salvador. Each of the countries
  has had recent - and in Colombia's case, ongoing
  - wars, which make for large pools of experienced
  military and police.
• Joe Mayo, a spokesman for Triple Canopy, a
  security company based in Lincolnshire, Ill.,
  confirmed that the firm is recruiting in El
  Salvador but declined to give any detailed
  information. "Everything we do is legal," he
  stressed in a phone interview, "but we are a
  private company. The minute you divulge your
  numbers of employees and your methods of
  recruiting, you become less competitive."

OFF TO WAR Sgt. Roberto Arturo Lopez, a shooting
instructor at El Salvador's police academy, will
receive 3,200 a month - nearly four times his
current salary - to provide private security in
Iraq.
58
Costa Rica Newest CAFTA Member?

• Trade with South East Asia and Russia has boomed
  during 2004 and 2005

Jan 2008 Trade officials from Costa Rica and
China on Friday concluded their first technical
meeting on a possible free trade agreement (FTA)
between the two countrieswith the volume hitting
2.6 billion U.S. dollars from January to November
in 2007.
Oscar Arias
The Nobel Peace Prize 1987 For role in Guatemala
Peace Accord
Costa Ricas Electronic Cluster
59
Chile 9/11,1973Nixon vs Allende
Michelle Bachelet with father and mother
Isabel Allende

• A US-backed military coup overthrew Allende on
  September 11, 1973. As the armed forces bombarded
  the presidential Palace (Palacio de La Moneda),
  Allende reportedly committed suicide. A military
  government, led by General Agusto Pinochet
  Ugarte, took over control of the country. The
  first years of the regime were marked by serious
  human rights violations. On October 1973, at
  least 70 people were murdered by the Caravan of
  Death. At least a thousand people were executed
  during the first six months of Pinochet in
  office, and at least two thousand more were
  killed during the next sixteen years, as reported
  by the Rettig Report. ..
• In January 2006 Chileans elected their first
  woman president, Michelle Bachelet Jeria, of the
  Socialist Party. She was sworn in on March 11,
  2006, extending the Concertación coalition
  governance for another four years.

60
Chile hunger strike puts focus on Indians'
plight Jailed activist Patricia Troncoso has had
no solid food for 100-plus days, and is seeking
release of Mapuche prisoners and return of
ancestral lands. January 28, 2008
61
Continuing high demand for copper underpins the
prospects for BHP's giant Escondida mine in
Chile.Photo BHP Billiton Group

• 21/08/2006 ANTOFAGASTA, Chile (Reuters) - A
  strike at Chiles Escondida copper mine, the
  worlds biggest mined deposit of the red metal,
  entered its third week on Monday after workers
  rejected a sweetened wage and benefits deal from
  the company.
• Copper belongs to Chile, not to the foreigners,"
  workers chanted late on Sunday after singing
  Chiles national anthem and rejecting the company
  offer in a show of hands

62
Chile and China sign trade deal

• 22 August 2006 China and Chile have signed a
  free-trade agreement, Beijing's first in South
  America. The deal will give China better access
  to Chile's extensive natural resources, such as
  copper, while Chile will be able to target the
  vast Chinese market.
• Chilean president Michelle Bachelet said the deal
  was a "milestone" in the country's economic
  expansion.
• China is rapidly increasing trade deals in the
  developing world to help fuel its surging demand
  for raw materials.
• 'Beneficial'
• Chile is an ideal free-trade partner for Beijing,
  as while China is now the world's biggest
  consumer of copper, Chile is the largest
  producer of the metal
• "We are convinced that a treaty of this nature
  will be to the benefit of most Chileans," said Ms
  Bachelet.
• The treaty will free 92 of Chile's exports to
  China from customs tariffs, and remove Chilean
  tariffs on 50 of China's exports.
• Other Chilean exports will remain subject to
  ongoing tariffs for between five and 10 years.
• Chilean exports to China totalled 4.6bn (2.4bn)
  last year, while those moving in the other
  direction amounted to 2.5bn

Michelle Bachelet
At Asian Summit with Canadian PM
With UAE Delegation
63
Second, deepening cooperation on cooper resources
and achieving mutual benefit and win-win outcome.
The China-Chile cooperation on copper resources
is of strategic significance and plays a critical
role in the bilateral economic and trade
cooperation. Each year 50 of Chilean copper is
sold to China, accounting for almost half of the
total bilateral trade volume. We are glad to see
that in February this year China Minmetals
Corporation, China Development Bank and Codelco
signed the joint investment and financing
agreement on developing the copper resources in
Chile and the total investment in the first phase
is US550 million. It is the first time for
Chinese businesses to cooperate with the largest
copper company in the world on overseas resources
development, opening a new chapter in China-Chile
copper resources cooperation.

• China replaces U.S. as Chile's biggest export
  destination
• China replaced the United States in 2007 as
  Chile's biggest export destination, according to
  statistics released Tuesday by Chile's customs
  authorities.
• The figures show Chile's export volume recorded a
  14.7-percent rise in 2007, totaling 65.484
  billion U.S. dollars, while exports to China
  reached 10.172 billion U.S. dollars, accounting
  for 15.5 percent of the total and making China
  its biggest export destination.
• Meanwhile, China also became Chile's second
  biggest import source country, following just
  behind the United States after surpassing
  Argentina and Brazil, the statistics show.
• Chilean entrepreneurs attribute the rapid growth
  of Chile-China trade to the free trade agreement
  with China which came into effect in 2006.
• Cristian Garcia Lorca, chair of the Chile-China
  Trade Association, said there is still room for a
  further increase despite the rapid growth, and
  that Chilean businesses should make collective
  efforts to diversify the country's exports to
  China. Xinhua News Agency. January 24, 2008

64
George W. Bush vs Hugo Chavez2000- 2008
65
(j) New Efforts stirring Military Confrontations

• With the US election coming in November, 2008,
  the race is coming down between a Super Power
  republican candidate, John McCain, and more
  internationally inclined democrats, Hillary
  Clinton and Barak Obama. Since America spends far
  more than any other nation on military, it would
  be an advantage to the Super Power side to have
  many war against terrorists ongoing. Ongoing wars
  in Afghanistan and Iraq seem to be stalemated,
  and the confrontation with Iran is still in UN
  conference.
• This week (March 3, 2008) two new
  confrontations were initiated by U.S. and its
  allies. In South America, Ecuador was invaded by
  Colombia to kill a senior FARC leader, while
  Ecuador negotiated with FARC for release of more
  hostages. Ecuador and Venezuela immediately moved
  troops to their borders with Colombia while
  Brazil, Peru, Ecuador,and Venezuela cut
  diplomatic ties. The Organization of American
  States (OAS) has condemned the invasion and is
  investigating. It seems to be solidifying the
  South American nations against our sole ally
  there but the next few weeks will tell.The US of
  course has major oil interests in Colombia.
• In North Africa US special forces flew into
  Northern Somalia and killed 4 to 6 people,
  seeking Al Queda sympathizers. The US special
  forces were part of the US military African
  Command stationed in Kenya, where the US ally,
  President Kibaki, is in a contested election
  against the more liberal Raila Odinga. The US
  also has oil interests in Somalia and has plans
  to expand its African Command to include the
  entire continent.

66
Plan Colombia, 1997
F A R C
67
New Role for U.S. in Colombia Protecting a Vital
Oil Pipeline NY Times, October 4, 2002

• Their mission has nothing to do with drugs --
  until now, the defining issue in Colombia for
  American policy makers -- but instead with
  protecting a pipeline that carries crude to an
  oil-hungry America.
• The 500-mile pipeline, which snakes through
  eastern Colombia, transporting 100,000 barrels of
  oil a day for Occidental Petroleum of Los
  Angeles, is emerging as a new front in the terror
  war. One of Colombia's most valuable assets, the
  pipeline has long been vulnerable to bombings by
  Colombia's guerrilla groups, which along with the
  country's paramilitary outfits are included on
  the Bush administration's list of terrorist
  organizations.
• Sometime in the next month, in a significant
  shift in American policy, United States Special
  Forces will arrive in Colombia to begin laying
  the groundwork for the training of Lieutenant
  Zúñiga and his 35-man squad in the finer arts of
  counterinsurgency. Over the next two years, 10
  American helicopters will bolster the Colombian
  counterinsurgency efforts, and some 4,000 more
  troops will receive American training, which will
  begin in earnest in January, Bush administration
  and American military officials said in
  interviews in recent days.

68

• Bogotá, Colombia March 3, 2008
• Ecuador and Venezuela say they are moving
  thousands of troops to Colombia's borders, a day
  after Colombian forces killed a leftist rebel
  leader in Ecuadorean territory. Colombia later
  charged that high-ranking Ecuadorean officials
  met recently with the slain rebel, Raúl Reyes, to
  accommodate the guerrillas' presence there.

69

•  LIMA, March 3 (Xinhua) -- Peruvian President
  Alan Garcia said Monday that Colombia's incursion
  into the Ecuadorian territory to attack Colombian
  rebels was "unacceptable," calling on the
  Organization of American States to clarify what
  anti-terror measures are appropriate.
•     Garcia said he would not allow such a thing
  to happen in Peru, adding that Colombia has
  clearly violated international laws.
•     "There should be a clear commitment that none
  intervenes inside another nation's territory," he
  said.
•     Ecuador broke off diplomatic relations with
  Colombia on Monday, 48 hours after Colombian
  police and military officials killed rebels from
  that nation's largest rebel group, the
  Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), at
  a camp in Ecuador 3 km from the border.
•     Ecuador says the Colombian military aircraft
  trespassed at least 10 km from the border.
•     The raid killed 21 FARC fighters, including
  Edgar Devia, better known by his alias Raul
  Reyes, FARC's No. 2 official and the
  organization's official spokesman.
•     Ecuador's army sent troops on Monday to its
  northern border with Colombia to boost security.

70

• BRASILIA, March 3 (Reuters) - Brazil's foreign
  minister on Monday condemned a Colombian military
  strike on rebels inside Ecuador and called on
  Bogota to offer an explicit apology.
• "The territorial violation is very serious and
  needs to be condemned," Foreign Minister Celso
  Amorim said in Brasilia. "Brazil condemns any
  territorial violation."Amorim also said the
  Colombian government should offer an "explicit"
  apology to contain the growing crisis prompted by
  the weekend raid, in which Colombian forces
  struck at a FARC rebel camp inside Ecuador.
• He called for the Organization of American States
  (OAS) regional body to set up a committee to
  investigate the circumstances of the attack,
  which included air strikes and ground combat.
  Senior FARC leader Raul Reyes was killed.
• The incident has flared into the most dangerous
  dispute in Latin America for years. Venezuela and
  Ecuador sent troops to their borders with
  Colombia on Sunday and downgraded diplomatic
  ties.
• A more explicit apology to Ecuador for the
  territorial violation would help contain the
  crisis," said Amorim, whose country is a regional
  diplomatic power and shares a border with both
  Colombia and Venezuela.

71
Nicaragua breaks ties with Colombia Published
Thursday 06 March 2008Radio Netherlands

• Managua - Nicaraguan President Daniel Ortega has
  announced that he is breaking off relations with
  Colombia. He says the move is in response to the
  "political terrorism" of Colombia's president
  Alvaro Uribe.
• On Saturday, Colombian troops crossed the border
  into Ecuador and killed 17 FARC guerrillas,
  including the Colombian rebel group's second in
  command. Earlier, Ecuador and Venezuela broke off
  ties with Colombia.
• The Nicaraguan president's announcement followed
  a visit to the country by Ecuador's President
  Rafael Correa, who is visiting five countries in
  the region. Ecuador's president is calling on the
  international community to condemn unequivocally
  Colombia's cross-border operation against the
  FARC rebel movement. Ecuador says its efforts to
  help free hostages held by the FARC have been
  thwarted by the Colombian incursion. The United
  States has appealed to the countries involved to
  settle the dispute by means of dialogue.

72
Regional Bloc Criticizes Colombia Raid in
EcuadorNew York Times, March 6, 2008

• CARACAS, Venezuela The Organization of American
  States approved a resolution on Wednesday
  declaring the Colombian military raid into
  Ecuador a violation of sovereignty, in a move
  aimed at easing a diplomatic crisis in the Andes
  involving Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela.
• The resolution was approved in Washington after
  talks in which the United States was the
  hemispheres only nation explicitly supporting
  Colombia, a top Bush administration ally. The
  measure stopped short of condemning Colombia for
  the raid, which took place on Saturday and killed
  24 guerrillas, including a senior commander of
  the rebel group FARC in Colombia. We consider
  this agreement a triumph for the concept that
  every nations territory cannot be violated
  whatever the reason, María Isabel Salvador,
  Ecuadors foreign minister, said in a telephone
  interview from Washington. Ecuador is a peaceful
  country that had been dragged into this
  unfortunate situation.
• While the resolution allows both Colombia and
  Ecuador to save face and begin to repair
  relations strained this week, it fails to address
  some of the broader implications of Colombias
  raid. Foremost among these is the emphatic
  support for Colombias guerrillas expressed by
  President Hugo Chavez of Venezuela.

73

• Sept, 2006 Financial times. Colombia has become a
  hot spot for oil and gas exploration in Latin
  America as energy multinationals face
  increasingly hostile business conditions
  elsewhere in the region, industry experts say.
  A steep and sustained fall in guerrilla attacks
  under President Alvaro Uribe, who began a second
  four-year term this month, and a reduction in tax
  rates are key attractions. The favourable
  investment climate contrasts with those of other
  countries in the region, such as Venezuela,
  Bolivia and Ecuador, where governments have as
  much as doubled the tax and royalty rates levied
  on foreign-owned operations and, in some cases,
  expropriated assets.

74

• "For the eastern portion of Africa, Kenya is
  critical," said retired Marine Lt. Gen. Michael
  DeLong, a former deputy commander of U.S. Central
  Command, which oversees U.S. military operations
  on the Horn of Africa.
• "They are strategically located in the area
  bordering Somalia," he said. "They were critical
  for us in Somalia in the early 1990s. Without
  them, we could not have operated. They allowed us
  to use their bases while we were conducting
  operations in and out of Somalia, and they still
  allow us to use those bases today.
• A failed state in Kenya, as exists in Somalia,
  would erase "one of the top friendly militaries
  to the United States in Africa," the retired
  three-star general said.
• The prospect of a destabilized Kenya arose in
  recent weeks in the aftermath of a contested Dec.
  27 election that kept President Mwai Kibaki in
  power. International observers reported
  ballot-counting irregularities. Street violence
  broke out in the capital of Nairobi, killing more
  than 300.
• Alarmed, Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice
  dispatched her top African diplomat to Kenya to
  urge reconciliation between the opposing parties.
  U.S. envoy Jendayi E. Frazer met Saturday with
  Mr. Kibaki, who announced a power-sharing
  proposal in an effort to end the crisis.

75
Somalis protest after U.S. missile attack

• MOGADISHU, March 4, 2008 (Reuters) - Hundreds of
  residents of a remote town in southern Somalia
  staged an anti-American demonstration on Tuesday
  after the United States launched an air strike
  against "a known al Qaeda terrorist" there.
• The town of Dobley was hit by two missiles on
  Monday in the fourth U.S. strike in 14 months
  against Somalia, where Washington says local
  Islamists are sheltering wanted al Qaeda leaders.
• Demonstrators in the small town on the
  Somali-Kenyan border said 600 people took part.
• "We don't want the Americans because they are
  against our religion and culture. Down with
  America," shouted Mohamed Deq, one of the
  protesters.
• District commissioner Ali Hussein Nur told
  Reuters by telephone "Since the American
  government admitted bombing our town, where
  people and livestock were killed and properties
  damaged, it must pay compensation."
• The exact toll from Monday's attack was unclear.
  Nur said on Monday that six people were killed,
  but a local resident, Fatuma Omar, said on
  Tuesday that only four were wounded.
• Residents of Dobley said they believed the
  missiles were targeting senior Islamist leaders
  meeting nearby.

76

• MOGADISHU, Somalia, Jan. 11,2007 (AP) A top
  American official in the Horn of Africa said
  Thursday that none of the suspected members of Al
  Qaeda believed to be hiding in Somalia died in
  the American airstrike this week, but added that
  Somalis with close ties to the terrorist group
  were killed.
• Somali officials said Wednesday that Fazul
  Abdullah Mohammed, a main suspect in the bombings
  of the American Embassies in Kenya and Tanzania
  in 1998, had been killed in the American attack.

Puntland is believed to have all the geological
requirements to become a commercial oil-producing
region. Somalia, and in particular Puntland
remains one of the last under-explored countries
that has a high potential for considerable
reserves of hydrocarbons.
77
China and U.S. Square-Off Over African Resources
Jul 11, 2007 By Bright B Simons, Evans Lartey
and Franklin CudjoeTitans make Africa their
stomping ground

• ACCRA, Ghana - Last month, the administration of
  US President George W Bush gave itself about 18
  months to establish a unified military command
  for the entire African continent save for those
  parts of North Africa, notably Egypt, vital to
  Americas strategic Middle East goals.The US
  diplomatic machine in Africa was thus revved up
  to ensure a successful rollout of the plan.
  Recent events, not helped by former ambassador
  John Boltons antics at the United Nations, may
  cause some to dismiss the efficacy of US
  diplomacy to achieve anything beyond elite
  acquiescence. But those who think so would do
  well to recall Americas long-standing ability to
  ingratiate itself with supposed inferiors when
  the geopolitics is right.
• As everyone knows, having been served with daily
  reminders for many months now, China too is on a
  diplomatic offensive across Africa. A crucial
  component of that diplomacy has to do with
  military cooperation.So assuming that these
  campaigns are no blips on the radar and that both
  superpowers are equipped to be successful in the
  diplomatic struggle, what will follow from that
  in terms of actual practical results on the
  ground?How will Beijing react to the United
  States sudden enthusiasm in expanding its
  military presence in Africa? Will Chinese rulers
  take the word of Americas pro-administration
  theorists for it, that this has nothing to do
  with China per se but is entirely the result of
  growing US reliance on West Africas cleaner
  (both chemically and politically) petroleum and
  its security concerns in the Horn of Africa?

78
The price of a barrel of oil has hit a record
high of 102.59 in New York because of strong
demand and the further weakening of the dollar.
(February 28, 2008) BBC

• (h) Using Oil Profits to make World Trade Fair.
• As seen in previous sections despite U.S.
  attempts to control world wealth militarily and
  economically, these plans have failed. Nations
  around the world have regained or are regaining
  control. One of the most dramatic reversals is
  control of energy resources. The OPEC nations and
  Russia now control the bulk. The price of this
  commodity is increasing steadily because of its
  full depletion expected in less than 50 years.
  The result will be a dramatic shift in economic
  power from the US to the other nations of the
  world.The windfall profits will amount to at
  least twice the annual GDP of the richest 8
  nations. (Those rough estimates were based on
  50/barrel with 100/barrel the profits will be
  over six time the G8s annual GDP.)
• The OPEC members have already established a
  mechanism, OFID, to invest in development.
  Through that and direct investments of at least
  10 of the windfall we expect the OPEC members
  investment to develop alternatives to the
  petroleum as it runs out, reverse global warming,
  and replace the colonial and neo-liberal trade
  with balanced, fair and sustainable trade.
• In our studies we have sought projects for such
  investments in the areas of Energy Trade,
  Clothing and Textile Trade, Food Trade, and
  investments for Peace through UN interventions.
  These opportunities draw on agreements that have
  evolved in the UN and EU, assuming the United
  States will soon join the efforts.

79
Leaders of the Next Generation of Economic Power
Meeting in Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia
Ecuador
Iran
Nigeria
Angola
Venezuela
80
Total Consumption82,234,918 bbl/day 30,000
million bbl/yrTotal Reserves1.3174 trillion
barrels (January 2007)1.3174 trillion/ 30
million/yr43.9 years
81
World proven crude oil reserves by country, 2006
(m b)All Countries listed are current members of
OPEC except Russia, Brazil has indicated intent
to join.

• Saudi Arabia 264,251.0
• Iraq 115,000.0
• Iran, I.R. 138,400.0
• Kuwait 101,500.0
• UAE 97,800.0
• Venezuela 87,035.1
• Nigeria 36,220.0
• Libya, S.P.A.J. 41,464.0
• Algeria 12,200.0
• Qatar 15,207.0
• Angola 9,035.0
• Indonesia 4,370.3
• Ecuador 4,664.0
• Brazil 12,182.0
• Former USSR 128,254.0

82
Investment in Development

• About 50/barrel of profit will total 50 x 1.3
  trillion 65 trillion world-wide over the 44
  years. About 1.5 trillion/yr
• The G8 rich nations had supposedly committed
  0.7 of their GDP to development. That totals
  0.2 trillion/year with only 13 of windfall oil
  profit OFID and OPC members could meet the
  promised G8 goals by investing in world
  development projects.
• Below are the G8 GDPs for last year.
• Canada 1,275,273 million
• France 2,252,213 million
• Germany 2,915,867 million
• Italy 1,852,585 million
• Japan 4,366,459 million
• Russia 984,925 million
• United Kingdom 2,398,946 million
• United States 13,194,700 million
• G8 total ------- 29,000,000 million 29
  trillion. x 0.0070.2 trillion

83
With scarcity pricing giving approximately
50/barrel profit each of these nations has the
following investment power in the next 50 years
or so.I suggest that they can invest a portion
of it, say 10 in projects that win friends.

• Nation Oil reserves Profit
• million bbl Billion
• Saudi Arabia 264,251.0 13,212 B
• Iraq 115,000.0 5,750 B
• Iran, I.R. 138,400.0 6,920 B
• Kuwait 101,500.0 5,075 B
• UAE 97,800.0 4,890 B
• Venezuela 87,035.1 4,351 B
• Nigeria 36,220.0 1,811 B
• Libya, S.P.A.J. 41,464.0 2,073 B
• Algeria 12,200.0 610 B
• Qatar 15,207.0 760 B
• Angola 9,035.0 451 B
• Indonesia 4,370.3 218 B
• Ecuador 4,664.0 233 B
• Brazil 12,182.0 609 B
• Former USSR 128,254.0 6,413 B

84
World Economic Power based on Oil
85
(No Transcript)